華爾街之狼 英語金融習語中的動物(雙語)

The finance world famously has almost a language all of its own, ranging from complex financial jargon to the playful slang of the stock market. What that means is that within the thicket of terms like VaR, backwardation,contango, tranche, and junk bond, we find some familiar animal friends — although often in some strange contexts。
　　金融世界有一套廣為流傳的自己的語言，包括複雜的金融術語，以及戲謔的股票市場俏話。而在錯綜複雜的諸如加值型經銷商、現貨溢價、期貨溢價、一期款項、垃圾債券這類術語中，還有一些我們熟悉的動物夥伴——儘管它們也常出現在奇怪的語境中。
　　The bulls and the bears牛和熊
　　When it comes to the wildlife of Wall Street, two animals should immediately come to mind: bulls and bears. With the bear standing in for a downward-trending market and the bull in for an upward-trending one, these two have stood in opposition to one another since the 18th century。
　　說道華爾街的野生動物，人們立刻就會想起牛和熊。自18世紀以來，熊就代表著股市下跌，而牛代表著股市上揚。
(OED) frames this financial use of bear as 　　The Oxford English Dictionary preceding that of bull, suggesting that this use of 「bear」 probably extends from the idiom 「to sell the bear』s skin before one has caught the bear。」 These bearskin traders then hope for a downturn in the market so that they might make a larger profit on the transaction。
　　牛津英語詞典認為「熊市」的用法先於「牛市」。它的用法是由諺語「熊未捕到先賣皮」延伸而來的，熊皮販售商希望藉此在市場上價格出現下跌，這樣他們就能在交易中牟大利。
　　On the other end of the market, the emergence of the bull is unclear. Some suggest that the term was drawn from the practice of bull- and bear-baiting, or even from the fighting styles of the two animals (a bear swipes down with its paws where a bull thrusts upwards with its horns)。
　　相對地，「牛市」一詞的出現則沒有清楚的定義。有人認為該詞源於斗熊和鬥牛，或者兩種動物的打鬥風格(熊用爪子向下掃，而牛則用角向上頂)。
　　So while bear and bull originally referred to the actual speculators, bear market and bull market came to refer to the market conditions favorable to those investors, though they did not appear until the late 19th century. Other derivatives include bear raid –  when investors try to profit on the falling price of a stock, or cause the fall to happen – and bear squeeze – the financial pressure experienced by bear speculators when the market rises。
　　因此，兩種動物最初指的是實際投機者的行為，在19世紀末才用來形容金融市場狀況。其他衍生詞包括「熊襲」(瘋狂拋售以獲利的行為)、以及「熊壓」(股市上漲時投機者體會到的金融壓力)。
　　Lame ducks跛腳鴨
　　The term lame duck is more commonly associated with politics today. Despite those present-day political leanings, the term was used earlier in 18th-century British finance.In the context of the business world the term refers to someone who has defaulted on debts or entered bankruptcy. Today, the financial use of the term is considered dated。
　　「跛腳鴨」現在和政治聯繫比較緊密。而在18世紀，它是和英國金融聯繫在一起的。生意場上，「跛腳鴨」指負債或將要破產的投資者。如今這個說法有些過時。
　　Stag牡鹿
　　More common in the UK, a stag profit or stagging is when an individual or group buys into a company』s initial public offering (IPO) or issue of new shares with the intent of selling right away, hoping to take advantage of the rising stock price。
　　這個詞在英國更為常見，它指的是停滯利潤或停滯狀態。當個人或團體買入某公司的首募股，或者買入新股立刻賣出，以期在股票價格上漲中獲利。
　　While the term is of uncertain origin, it seems possible that the term emerged from the sense of stag as an informant, especially in the phrase to turn stag. The term may have emerged from this sense of those 「stag」 traders turning on the other investors in order to make that quick profit。
　　該詞的起源未知，但很有可能它最開始被指為告密者。由此衍生出「牡鹿」交易者突然行動以獲利的行為。
　　Dead cat bounce死貓式反彈
　　An alarming one for pet-lovers out there, a dead cat bounce is stock market slang for the temporary upswing in stock prices after a sharp fall. The rather unfortunate and very literal meaning of the phrase is helpfully explained in one of the OED citations via the Washington Post: 「If you throw a dead cat against a wall at a high rate of speed, it will bounce – but it is still dead。」
　　貓咪愛好者注意了，死貓式反彈在股市中指某股票劇跌之後的短暫反彈。對這個辭彙更生動(也是更殘忍)的解釋源自華盛頓郵報對牛津英語詞典的引用：「當你把一隻死貓扔向牆上時，它會反彈一下，但也活不過來了。」
　　In the stock market, the brief upwards movement of the dead cat bounce is usually the result of speculators buying at the low prices and then quickly reselling. The phrase has also come to mean any kind of brief improvement or artificial success。股市中，這種情況通常發生在當投機者低價買入並快速拋出時，也用來形容股市快速上漲或股市中人造的成功。
　　The wolves (of Wall Street)華爾街之狼
　　Wolf has been used several times to allude to powerful (and sometimes criminal) individuals on Wall Street. The most memorable recent 「Wolf」 is Jordan Belfort, convicted on charges of stock fraud in connection to his boiler room penny stock operation and stock market manipulation. Belfort』s crimes and his lavish lifestyle were depicted in Martin Scorsese』s 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street。
「狼」通常用來形容華爾街極具權力的個人。近期最名聲大作的「狼」莫過於喬丹·貝爾福特，因股票詐騙被起訴。他被控在電話交易所利用低股價操縱股票市場。馬丁·斯科塞斯2013年電影《華爾街之狼》就是以貝爾福特的犯罪行為和他奢華的生活為原型的。
　　While Belfort was the self-proclaimed 「wolf of Wall Street,」 he was not the first 「wolf」 that the finance world had known. Besides Belfort, there was also the con man David Lamar, convicted on charges of impersonating a member of Congress in 1913, and the anti-hero of the 1929 film The Wolf of Wall Street, which starred George Bancroft as a trader who corners the copper market。貝
　　爾福特自稱為「華爾街之狼」，然而他可不是金融界第一頭「狼」。除他之外，還有著名的騙子大衛·拉瑪爾，1913年被控偽裝國會議員。他1929出演了《華爾街之狼》的反面角色，在其中飾演喬治·班克羅夫特，一位獨霸銅市場的生意人。