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Tibet's history outlined
China is a unified multi-ethnic country, since very early times Tibet is an inseparable part of China. As early as ancient age, Tibetans already had a close relationship with the Han nationality inhabitants in the Central Plains. And after a long period of time, the Tibetan tribes gradually unified, a Tibetan now.
Tubo Dynasty in the seventh century, China has entered a new historical stage. Tang Dynasty (618-907) established a powerful unified kingdom. At the same time, the Tibetan hero Songtsan Gambo mergers dozen tribes in the Tibetan plateau achieved reunification, formally established the Tubo Dynasty, and its capital Lhasa. Songtsan Gambo in power, determined to have good relationship with Tang. He learnt advanced production technology and political cultural achievements from Tang dynasty. He twice sent his Minister to Tang for a proposal. In the year 641, He married Princess Wen Cheng of Emperor Taizong. Songtsan Gambo also introduced wine making, milling, paper making techniques from the Tang Dynasty. During that time Tibet and the Tang Dynasty have maintained a very friendly relationship in the political, economic, and cultural areas. Tang Gaozong Call Songtsan Gambo "West Sea Prefectual Governor", and then promote him as "Bin King". Tubo Songtsan Gambo established "son-in-law -friendship" with the Tang Dynasty more than 200 years.
Tibet region's separatist separatism
AD 842, As a result of a conflict in the Tubo Dynasty royal family. Tribes split into numerous local forces. They fight with each other, the succession of the war lasted 400 years.
The middle of the 13th century, Tibet unified in the early 13th century with China. 1271, Mongolia Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, and in the 1279 reunified the whole China. Tibet government was under the direct control of the central government. 1268, 1287 and 1334, three times the Yuan Dynasty central government sent officials into Tibet to get census. They also established 15 Inns (post offices) in Tibet region, linked to the capital (now Beijing) line and established Tibet "officials system". Although there have been several generations of Chinese dynasties, and replacement of the central government on many occasions, Tibet has been always under the jurisdiction of central government.
Ming Dynasty established in 1368, Tibet throne succession must be approved by the emperor. At this time, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama two Living Buddha systems rise. Ming Central government followed the Yuan dynasty, has set up Wusi Tibetan, Duo Coombe manage military and political affairs. Meanwhile, the local government in Tibet Pazhu established religion based system. The executives were proved by the Ming dynasty government, thus they not only represent their religion group but also represent the central government.
Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty in 1644, MING govers Tibet more closely to the central government in the jurisdiction. The exercise of sovereignty over Tibet goes further systemized and legalized - Shunzhi emperor invited the Dalai Lama V to Beijing several times. 1653, Shunzhi emperor gave Dalai Lama golden seal and golden certificate, and officially confirmed the title Dalai Lama. 1713, Emperor Kangxi gave Panchen V the title "Panchen Erdeni" officially confirmed the name of Panchen Lama. Since then, the Dalai Lama rules in Lhasa and most of Tibet's territory and Panchen Erdeni rules in Rigaze and other part of Tibet.
1727, Qing Dynasty established minister in Tibet to supervise Tibet on behalf of the central government. The boundaries of Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, is officially demarcated at this time. In 1750, once again Qing adjusted the management of Tibet's administrative system, abolished the Prefectual Governor system and established the Tibet local government (that is, "gaxia"), in the new system, the Minister and Dalai Lama manage Tibetan affairs together. 1793, the Qing government setup a law to regulate the authority of the Minister, Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. The law also regulate other major issue such as border military defense, foreign representations, the finance, taxation, monetary casting and management, as well as the support and management of the temple. This law is famous as "Imperial Approved Tibet Constitution", a total of 29 clauses. Since then more than 100 years, the 29 clauses has been the basic rules set in Tibet.
1911, the Chinese outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, established the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan and other ethnic integrated the Republic - the Republic of China. The Central Government follows the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties governs Tibet. In 1912, The central government set up Chief Executive in Tibet. Tibet's local government sent officials to take part in National Assembly. The 14th Dalai Lama Lamu Denzoo was approved by the Chairman of the National Government.
1949, the PRC was founded. The Central Government decided to adopt the principle of peaceful liberation. May 23, 1951, the Central People's Government and the local government of Tibet reached an agreement - " Peaceful liberation of Tibet agreement between Central Government and the local government of Tibet" ( "17-Article Agreement ").
「17-Article Agreement" main content are: The Central Government has asked the local government of Tibet to actively assist the People's Liberation Army stationed in Tibet, and consolidating national defence; all matters relating to foreign affairs in Tibet will be deal with by the Central Government; The Central Government will keep Tibet Dalai Lama's current system not changed. Respect for the customs of the Tibetan people, protect religious freedom, regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet. Both Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni telegraphed the Central Government, mentioned that they support the "17-Article Agreement" and support the sovereignty of China』s reunification; Tibetan Buddhist monks and all Tibetan leaders also expressed strong support.
1954, the Dalai Lama, Panchen Erdeni together went to Beijing participated the first session of the National People's Congress. At this meeting, the Dalai Lama was elected as the National People's Congress Standing Committee, vice chairman. Panchen Erdeni was elected as the National People's Congress Standing Committee member. 1956, the Preparatory Committee was established for the Tibet Autonomous Region, Dalai Lama was the chairman of the preparatory committee. March 1959, the local government of Tibet and the upper-class launched an armed rebellion in order to keep the feudal slavery system. After several years of stability and development, in September 1965 the formal Tibet Autonomous Region was established. |
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