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Brief Communications
Nature 443, 287(21 September 2006) | doi:10.1038/443287a; Received 19 July 2006; Accepted 25 August 2006; Published online 20 September 2006
Induction of an illusory shadow person
Shahar Arzy1,3, Margitta Seeck2,3, Stephanie Ortigue3,4, Laurent Spinelli2 and Olaf Blanke1,3
Abstract
Stimulation of a site on the brain's left hemisphere prompts the creepy feeling that somebody is close by.
The strange sensation that somebody is nearby when no one is actually present has been described by psychiatric and neurological patients, as well as by healthy subjects, but it is not understood how the illusion is triggered by the brain1, 2. Here we describe the repeated induction of this sensation in a patient who was undergoing presurgical evaluation for epilepsy treatment, as a result of focal electrical stimulation of the left temporoparietal junction: the illusory person closely 'shadowed' changes in the patient's body position and posture. These perceptions may have been due to a disturbance in the multisensory processing of body and self at the temporoparietal junction.
The patient was a 22-year-old woman of normal psychiatric history who was undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy (see supplementary information). We identified an area on the left temporoparietal junction in her brain (Fig. 1a) where focal electrical stimulation repeatedly produced a feeling of the presence of another person in her extrapersonal space.
Figure 1: Me and my shadow.
a, Three-dimensional surface reconstruction of the left hemisphere of the brain from magnetic resonance imaging. Subdural electrodes were implanted in the brain of an epileptic patient undergoing presurgical evaluation10. The locations at which focal electrical stimulation evoked different responses are shown (red, motor; blue, somatosensory; green, language; pink, site where 'feeling of a presence' could be induced (arrow)); stars indicate the epileptic focus. Since undergoing a left-temporal lobectomy, the patient has been free of seizures. b–d, Drawings showing relative positions and postures of the patient's body (white) and that of the illusory person (shaded) during cortical stimulation (illustrations, M. Boyer).
High resolution image and legend (20K)
When stimulated at this region (for methods, see supplementary information; current amplitude, 10.0 mA) in a supine position, the patient had the impression that somebody was behind her. Further stimulation (10.0–11.0 mA; n = 43) induced the same experience, with the patient describing the "person" as young and of indeterminate sex, a "shadow" who did not speak or move, and whose position beneath her back was identical to her own ("He is behind me, almost at my body, but I do not feel it"; Fig. 1b).
During the next stimulation (11.0 mA; n = 1), the patient sat and embraced her knees with her arms (Fig. 1c). She noted that the "man" was now also sitting and that he was clasping her in his arms, which she described as an unpleasant feeling. Further stimulations (11.0 mA; n = 2) were applied while the seated patient performed a naming (language-testing) task using a card held in her right hand (Fig. 1d): she again reported the presence of the sitting "person", this time displaced behind her to her right and attempting to interfere with the execution of her task ("He wants to take the card"; "He doesn't want me to read"). Similar effects were observed for different positions and postures (see supplementary information) when stimuli exceeding 10 mA were applied to the same site on the left temporoparietal junction.
The sensation of a presence, as reported by this patient, has been described in people with psychiatric and neurological disorders1, 2, 3, 4. Because it was possible to induce this feeling repeatedly from the temporoparietal junction, and because the illusory person closely mimicked the patient's body posture and position, we conclude that the patient was experiencing a perception of her own body1, 4.
The temporoparietal junction is known to be involved in self-processing, self–other distinction, the integration of multisensory body-related information, and other illusory own-body perceptions5, 6. We therefore propose that electrical stimulation of this area in our patient disturbed multisensory (proprioceptive and tactile) and sensorimotor integration of information with respect to her body, leading to the appearance of a first-rank schneiderian symptom of schizophrenia in a person with no psychiatric history. It is notable that hyperactivity in the temporoparietal cortex of patients with schizophrenia may lead to the misattribution of their own actions to other people7.
In conclusion, we argue that multisensory and/or sensorimotor disintegration8 at the temporoparietal junction due to electrical stimulation may lead to an own-body illusion of another person in near extrapersonal space. Although our patient was aware of the similarity between her own postural and positional features and those of the illusory person, she did not recognize that that person was an illusion of her own body, like many deluded schizophrenic patients3, 8, 9. Our findings may be a step towards understanding the mechanisms behind psychiatric manifestations such as paranoia, persecution and alien control. They also highlight the importance of multimodal mechanisms at the temporoparietal junction in human self-attribution.
Competing interests statement:
The authors declared no competing interests.
Supplementary information accompanies this paper.
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1. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
2. Presurgical Epilepsy Evaluation Unit, University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
3. Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
4. Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, New Hampshire 03755, USA
Correspondence to: Olaf Blanke1,3 Email: olaf.blanke@epfl.ch |
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