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大文豪們會怎樣描寫今天的霧霾?

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硨磲大爺 發表於 2017-2-14 01:59 | 只看該作者 回帖獎勵 |倒序瀏覽 |閱讀模式
  

  來源|中國日報網雙語新聞(ID:Chinadaily_Mobile)

  編輯:學妹

  

  60年前,倫敦曾是今天的北京。

  濃煙滾滾的煙囪、霧氣瀰漫的泰晤士河、若隱若現的倫敦大橋,人們紛紛戴著口罩,在街上摸索著前行。

  

  1952年12月5日,仍是霧霾瀰漫的普通一天。但就從這天開始,倫敦市民忽然感到呼吸困難、眼睛刺痛,發生哮喘、咳嗽……

  短短几天時間,英國4000人突然離世,超過10萬人感染呼吸道疾病,數周后又有幾千人死亡,共計死亡1萬2千多人。

  

  其實,倫敦霧都的名聲由來已久,從維多利亞時代的文學作品中開始,這座城市就早已與迷霧相伴。

  文學藝術都是現實的投射,在等霾散去的日子裡,我們不妨來讀一讀當年的英國作家們筆下的霧霾,遙想一下當年的霧都景象。

  1

  大文豪狄更斯的筆下隨處可見對霧的描寫。那種陰鬱、暗沉的氛圍一直籠罩在他的作品中,如今讀來,更有代入感。

  

  正如《衛報》所說:

  You can almost feel the clammy, tactile greasiness of the vapour as you read the opening passage of Bleak House (1853). In his last finished novel, Our Mutual Friend (1865), he defines the city by its fog.

  當你讀《荒涼山莊》(1853年)開篇的時候,你可能感受到那種水汽的陰濕和觸覺上的油膩感。而在他最後寫完的小說《我們共同的朋友》中,他用霧定義了這個城市。

  

  我們先來看一段《我們共同的朋友》(Our Mutual Friend)中對霧霾的描寫。虎哥為我們帶來了精彩講解。

  It was a foggy day in London, and the fog was heavy and dark. Animate London, with smarting eyes and irritated lungs, was blinking, wheezing, and choking; inanimate London was a sooty spectre, divided in purpose between being visible and invisible, and so being wholly neither.

  這一天,倫敦有霧,這場霧濃重而陰沉。有生命的倫敦眼睛刺痛,肺部鬱悶,眨著眼睛,喘息著,憋得透不過氣來;沒有生命的倫敦是一個渾身煤炱的幽靈,上帝故意使它拿不定主意,到底是讓人看見好,還是不讓人看見好,結果是整個兒都模模糊糊,既看得見也看不見。

  foggy['fɒgɪ] adj. 有霧的

  animate [ˈænɪmət] adj.有生命的

  smart[smɑːt] v. (使)刺痛

  irritated['iriteitid] adj.  (身體一部分因刺激而)疼痛的

  wheeze [hwi:z]  v. 喘息

  inanimate[ɪn'ænɪmət] adj. 無生命的;無生氣的

  sooty['sʊtɪ]adj. 烏黑的;煤煙熏黑的

  spectre['spektə]n. 幽靈

  Gaslights flared in the shops with a haggard and unblest air, as knowing themselves to be night- creatures that had no business abroad under the sun; while the sun itself when it was for a few moments dimly indicated through circling eddies of fog, showed as if it had gone out and were collapsing flat and cold.

  家家店鋪里的煤氣燈閃閃搖曳,一副凄涼而晦氣的樣子,彷彿知道他們自己是一群夜遊之物,光天化日下的事情是與他們不相干的;而太陽本身,當它在移動著的霧氣渦流之中暗淡地顯露片刻時,那樣子彷彿它已經熄滅,正在徹底崩潰。

  flare[fleə]:v. 閃光

  haggard ['hægəd]:a. 憔悴的

  eddy ['edi]:n. 旋渦

  Even in the surrounding country it was a foggy day, but there the fog was  grey, whereas in London it was, at about the boundary line, dark yellow, and a little within it brown, and then browner, and then browner, until at the heart of the City-- which call Saint Mary Axe--it was rusty-black.

  甚至在倫敦四周的鄉村裡,這也是一個大霧天,不過,那兒的霧是灰色的,而在倫敦,在城市邊沿一帶的地方,霧是深黃色的,靠里一點兒,是棕色的,再靠里一點兒,棕色再深一些,再靠里,又再深一些,直到商業區的中心地帶——這兒叫做聖瑪麗·愛克斯——霧是赭黑色的。

  2

  狄更斯在《荒涼山莊》(Bleak House)的開篇,也描繪了濃霧籠罩下的倫敦街頭景象,生動的描述,一秒鐘將你代入一個死氣沉沉、濃霧籠罩的世界。

  

  Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls defiled among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city.

  到處都瀰漫著濃霧。濃霧飄蕩在河上游的綠色小島和草地上;濃霧翻滾在河下游一排一排的船隻間,翻滾在這個大而髒的城市的河邊污染物間。

  Fog on the Essex marshes, fog on the Kentish heights. Fog creeping into the cabooses of collier-brigs; fog lying out on the yards, and hovering in the rigging of great ships; fog drooping on the gunwales of barges and small boats.

  霧籠罩著艾塞克斯的沼澤,懸浮在肯德郡的高地。霧竄進運煤船的廚房,躺在帆桁上,盤旋在大船的索具間,霧低垂在大平底船和小舟的舷邊。

  

  Fog in the eyes and throats of ancient Greenwich pensioners, wheezing by the firesides of their wards; fog in the stem and bowl of the afternoon pipe of the wrathful skipper, down in his close cabin; fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering little prentice boy on deck.

  霧鑽進了格林威治區那些靠養老金過活、待在病房火爐邊費勁喘氣的老人的眼睛和喉嚨里;霧溜進密閉艙室里憤怒的船長下午抽的那袋煙的煙管和煙斗里;霧也殘忍地折磨著那站在甲板上瑟瑟發抖的小學徒的手指和腳趾。

  Chance people on the bridges peeping over the parapets into a nether sky of fog, with fog all round them, as if they were up in a balloon, and hanging in the misty clouds.

  那些偶然從橋上走過的人們,目光穿過欄杆,窺探著濃霧朦朧的天空;他們被迷霧包圍著,彷彿乘著氣球,漂在濕漉漉的雲霧中。

  (翻譯參考:張生庭/張寶林譯本)

  creep:v.爬行,蔓延

  hover:v.盤旋,徘徊

  droop:v.下垂,凋萎

  wheeze:v. 喘息,呼哧呼哧地響

  pinch:v. 捏/擰/擠/夾痛,是痛苦

  peep:v.偷看,窺視

  hang:v.懸挂

  prentice:n.學徒

  3

  再來欣賞一下《霧都孤兒》(Oliver Twist)中的一段環境描寫,寥寥數筆,既交代了周圍濃霧籠罩下的環境,又用霧襯托出了人物心理。

  

  The night was dark and foggy. The lights in the shops could scarecely struggle through the heavy mist, which thickened every moment and shrouded the streets and houses in gloom; rendering the strange place still stranger in Oliver's eyes; and making his uncertainty the more dismal and depressing.

  夜色一片漆黑,大霧瀰漫。店鋪里的燈光幾乎穿不過越來越厚重的霧氣,街道和房屋全都包裹在一片昏暗陰沉之中,這使得這個陌生的地方在奧立弗眼裡變得更加神秘莫測,他忐忑不安的心情也越來越陰鬱沮喪。

  shroud:v.籠罩,覆蓋

  gloom:n.昏暗,憂鬱

  render:v.使成為,使變得

  dismal:adj.沉鬱的,憂鬱的

  4

  維多利亞時代的倫敦濃霧催生了大量偵探和懸疑小說,實在不奇怪。在厚重陰冷的大霧中,街上的行人像鬼魅一樣,轉眼不見。這簡直是一切骯髒勾當和犯罪活動的天然掩護。

  在柯南·道爾的《福爾摩斯探案集》中,濃霧的神秘氣氛已成為犯罪活動的標配。《布魯斯—帕廷頓計劃》(The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans)的開篇,福爾摩斯就看著大霧瀰漫的都市,埋怨著倫敦的犯罪分子不會利用機會製造謀殺案。

  

  『The London criminal is certainly a dull fellow,』 said he in the querulous voice of the sportsman whose game has failed him. 『Look out of this window, Watson. See how the figures loom up, are dimly seen, and then blend once more into the cloud-bank. The thief or the murderer could roam London on such a day as the tiger does the jungle, unseen until he pounces, and then evident only to his victim.』

  「倫敦的罪犯實在差勁,」福爾摩斯發著牢騷,好像一個在比賽中失意的運動員。「華生,你看窗外,人影隱隱約約地出現,又溶入濃霧之中。在這樣的天氣,盜賊和殺人犯可以在倫敦隨意遊逛,就象老虎在叢林里一樣隱而不見,直到他發起攻擊,猛撲過去。最後,只有受害者才能看清他的面目。」  

  querulous ['kweruləs]:adj. 暴躁的;抱怨的

  "There have," said I, "been numerous petty thefts."

  「小偷還是很多的。」我說。

  Holmes snorted his contempt.

  福爾摩斯輕蔑地哼了一聲。

  "This great and sombre stage is set for something more worthy than that," said he. "It is fortunate for this community that I am not a criminal."

  「這個陰沉的大舞台是為比這個更重要的事情設置的,」他說,「我不是個罪犯,這真是這個社會的萬幸。」  

  5

  霧霾、氣候災難等主題也開始滲入19世紀的科幻小說中。羅伯特·巴爾 《倫敦的末日》(The Doom of London)就是一例。

  Fogs were so common in London, especially in winter, that no particular attention was paid to them. They were merely looked upon as inconvenient annoyances, interrupting traffic and prejudicial to health, but I doubt if anyone thought it possible for a fog to become one vast smothering mattress pressed down upon a whole metropolis, extinguishing life as if the city suffered from hopeless hydrophobia.

  濃霧於倫敦實在太稀鬆平常,尤其在冬天,沒有人特意留心它。人們只會嫌它礙事煩人,干擾交通,不利健康,但我懷疑沒有人會把霧看做一個窒息的巨型床墊,壓蓋住整個都市,悶死生命,讓這個城市像患了恐水症一般絕望地掙扎消亡。

  prejudicial [,predʒu'diʃəl]:a. 不利的;有害的

  metropolis [mɪ'trɒp(ə)lɪs]:n. 大都市

  hydrophobia [,haidrəu'fəubjə]:n. 恐水症;狂犬病

  

  6

  小說家羅伯特·史蒂文森(Robert Louis Stevenson)在他的科幻小說代表作《化身博士》(The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)中,也曾用霧霾來營造氣氛。

  在他眼中,被霧霾籠罩的倫敦就像是一個噩夢之城:

  It was by this time about nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season. A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven, but the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled apours; so that as the cab crawled from street to street, Mr. Utterson beheld a marvelous number of degrees and hues of twilight; for here it would be dark like the back-end of evening; and there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some strange conflagration; and here, for a moment, the fog would be quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in between the swirling wreaths. The dismal quarter of Soho seen under these changing glimpses...seemed, in the lawyer's eyes, like a district of some city in a nightmare.

  已經到了上午九點鐘,那天恰好下了這一季的第一場霧,天空像張可可色的簾幕。只有風在不停地衝擊著,用力吹開這厚重的濃霧。所以,當馬車由一條街拐向另一條街時,厄塔森的眼前出現了各種色調的陰鬱的晨光。有的地方一片漆黑,就像深夜一般;有的地方卻是濃重鮮艷的棕紅色,就像透過煙霧的熊熊火光;有的地方霧氣正被風吹散,一抹慘淡的陽光正穿過螺旋的空檔散到地面上。在這光怪陸離的光線下,索荷區……在律師眼中,看起來好像是一個噩夢之城。

  pall: n. 蓋棺材的罩布

  rout: v. 擊潰

  hue: n. 色調

  conflagration: n. 大火

  haggard: adj. 憔悴的

  wreath: n. 花圈,圈狀物

  

  撲朔迷離的倫敦城彷彿在怒吼:

  The fog still slept on the wing above the drowned city, where the lamps glimmered like carbuncles; and through the muffle and smother of these fallen clouds, the procession of the town's life was still rolling in through the great arteries with a sound as of a mighty wind.

  濃厚的霧塞滿這個城市裡的每個角落,燈光彷彿撲朔迷離的紅寶石。這座城市的生活穿越了籠罩大地的雲層,沿自己的軌跡前行著,發出像風的怒吼一樣的聲音。

  (翻譯參考:楊冬譯本)

  carbuncle: n. 紅寶石

  muffle: n. 包裹物

  smother: n. 窒息

  7

  也許是倫敦霧霾實在太嚴重,M.P. Shiel 1901年出版的科幻小說《紫雲》(The Purple Cloud)竟想象出一個毒霧導致的世界末日,地球上最後僅剩主角一個人在茫茫毒霧中尋找人類……

  

  我們來看看其中的一段描寫:

  As I rose, I fell flat: and what I did thereafter I did in a state of existence whose acts, to the waking mind, appear unreal as dream. I must at once, I think, have been conscious that here was the cause of the destruction of mankind; that it still surrounded its own neighbourhood with poisonous fumes; and that I was approaching it. I must have somehow crawled, or dragged myself forward.

  我剛站起來又倒下了,然後我做的一切對於一顆清醒的大腦來說,都像夢一樣不真實。我覺得,我必須趕緊清醒地意識到,這就是人類毀滅的原因;毒霧仍包圍著這裡,我離它正越來越近。我肯定是連爬帶滾地逃了出來。

  fume: n.(難聞且常有害的) 煙氣

  8

  英國現代派先鋒詩人T·S·艾略特23歲時剛到英國之際,寫過一首《普魯弗洛克的情歌》(The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)。詩歌描寫詩人在黃昏穿過大街,去參加一個宴會。

  

  在路上看到那可怕的黃色大霧后,對於工業城市發展極度不滿的詩人寫下了這樣一首詩(節選):

  The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,

  黃色的霧在窗玻璃上擦著它的背,

  The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,

  黃色的煙在窗玻璃上擦著它的嘴,

  Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,

  把它的舌頭舐進黃昏的角落,

  Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,

  徘徊在快要乾涸的水坑上;

  Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,

  讓跌下煙囪的煙灰落上它的背,

  Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,

  它溜下台階,忽地縱身跳躍,

  And seeing that it was a soft October night,

  看到這是一個溫柔的十月的夜,

  Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.

  於是便在房子附近蜷伏起來安睡。

  (查良錚譯)

  muzzle: n. 槍口,動物的鼻口

  soot: n. 煤煙

  

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