在心理學領域內,對個體行為進行分析和描述的眾多理論中,計劃行為理論(Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB)是其中影響較大、體系相對較完整的理論模型之一。研究者認為,人的行為主要受內部動機和外部動機影響,前者表現為個體態度,後者表現為社會主觀規範,兩者共同決定了個體最終的行為決策——並以此提出了理性行為理論(Theory of Reasoned Action, TRA)。
20世紀60年代,心理學家扎榮茨(Robert Zajonc)進行了一系列實驗室實驗,證明只要讓被試多次看到不熟悉的刺激,他們對該刺激的評價就要高於其他沒看過的類似刺激。這就是所謂的簡單曝光效應(the mere exposure effect),越熟悉的事就越有好感。其背後的原因也很簡單:大腦認知加工陌生事物時,需要付出更多的精力,比較累;而加工那些相對熟悉的事物時,就輕鬆許多,於是會覺得「如沐春風」。所以當看到與自己生活經驗不符的情況時,父母就會覺得你可能出了問題,於是催促你趕快結婚吧。
Adler, A. (1917). Study of organ inferiority and its psychical compensation: A contribution to clinical medicine. In E. Jelliffe & W. A. White (Eds.). Nervous and mental disease monograph series (Vol. 24). New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl J, Beckman J, (Eds.), Action control: from cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50: 179-2117.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612.
Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S. C., & Aron, E. N. (2004). Including others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1), 101–132.
Burns, R. (1982). Self-concept Development and Education. Dorchester, UK: Henry Ling Ltd.
丁冬苗. (2013). 親子參照效應及其影響因素. 碩士學位論文, 浙江師範大學.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2): 117-140.
Fishbein, M., Ajzen I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B., Morris, K. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(2): 227.
Hofstede, G. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Morse, S., Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self consistency, and the concept of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(1): 118.
Mussweiler, T., Ruter, K., Epstude, K. (2004). The man who wasn』t there: Subliminal social comparison standards influence self evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(5): 689-696.
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 677–688.
Suls, J., Martin, R., Wheeler, I., 2002. Social Comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5): 159-163.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & Austin (Eds.). Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Titchener, E. B. (1910). Textbook of psychology. New York: Macmillan.
Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 01(12), 1292-1400.
Wason, P. C. (1966). Reasoning In New Horizons in Psychology. Penguin, Hammond worth, UK.
Yan, Y. X. (1996). The Culture of Guanxi in a North China Village. The China Journal, 35, 1-25.