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本帖最後由 猞猁雪球 於 2010-4-30 19:43 編輯
http://snowball5212.blog.hexun.com/49021695_d.html
蘆笛翻譯了死刑條款(以證明清教徒的法律「秦始皇式的嚴苛」),其中一項死罪「denying the true God, or his Creation, or Government of the world」——蘆把「Government of the world」翻譯成「世上的政府」,真是別出心裁。一般人都會自然地把這個翻成「對世界的管理」。參照一下Richard Baxter這部《基督教指南》裡面的幾個小標題 :可以照樣把the Government of the Thoughts翻成「思想上的政府」,Government of the Body翻成「身體上的政府」,很好很強大。
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/baxter/practical.toc.html
先說說關於馬薩諸塞法律里,某些跟壬醛有關或無關的條款,看The Massachusetts Body of Liberties
http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/MassacusettsLiberties1641.htm
第1款:所有人的生命都不可剝奪,所有人都不可被隨意逮捕,所有人的財產都不可被隨意侵奪
1.No man's life shall be taken away, no man's honor or good name shall be stained, no man's person shall be arrested, restrained, banished, dismembered, nor any ways punished, no man shall be deprived of his wife or children, no man's goods or estate shall be taken away from him, nor in any way damaged under color of law, or countenance of authority, unless it be by virtue or equity of some express law of the Country warranting the same established by a General Court and sufficiently published, or in case of the defect of a law in any particular case by the word of God (the laws of the Bible). And in capital cases, or in cases concerning dismembering or banishment, according to that word to be judged by the General Court.
第2款:無論是否有參政權,所有居民在法律面前一律平等.
2.Every person within this jurisdiction, whether inhabitant or foreigner, shall enjoy the same justice and law, that is general for the Plantation, which we constitute and execute one towards another, without partiality or delay.
第8款:除非依據法律並且給予合理補償,不得徵用任何人的物品
8.No man's cattle or goods of what kind soever shall be pressed or taken for any public use or service, unless it be by warrant grounded upon some act of the General Court, nor without such reasonable prices and hire as the ordinary rates of the Country do afford. And if his cattle or goods shall perish or suffer damage in such service, the owner shall be sufficiently recompensed.
第12款:所有人均有權參加鄉鎮會議,通過口頭或者書面方式提出動議或者請願等
12.Every man, whether inhabitant or foreigner, free or not free, shall have liberty to come to any public Court, Council, or town-meeting, and either by speech or by writing, move any lawful, seasonable and material question, or to present any necessary motion, complaint, petition, Bill or information, whereof that meeting hath proper cognizance, so it be done in convenient time, due order and respective manner.
第18款:在法律對一個人作出判決前,任何人都不應當受到人身限制或者被拘禁
No man's person shall be restrained or imprisoned by any authority whatsoever, before the law hath sentenced him thereto, if he can put in sufficient security, bail, or mainprise, for his appearance and good behavior in the meantime, unless it be in capital crimes, and contempts in open Court, and in such cases where some express act of Court doth allow it.
第33款:不得因為欠債而逮捕任何人
33.No man's person shall be arrested or imprisoned upon execution or judgment for any debt or fine, if the law can find any competent means of satisfaction otherwise from his estate. And if not, his person may be arrested and imprisoned where he shall be kept at his own charge, not the plaintiff's, till satisfaction be made, unless the Court that had cognizance of the cause or some superior Court shall otherwise provide.
第42款:任何人都不得因為同一違法行為而遭受兩次處罰
42.No man shall be twice sentenced by civil justice for one and the same crime, offense, or trespass.
第45款:任何人都不得被迫自證其罪
45.No man shall be forced by torture to confess any crime against himself nor any other unless it be in some capital case where he is first fully convicted by clear and sufficient evidence to be guilty. After which, if the cause be of that nature, that it is very apparent that there be other conspirators or confederates with him, then he may be tortured, yet not with such tortures as be barbarous and inhumane.
第80款:丈夫無權親自(私自)打老婆——想懲罰妻子只能向公權機關申請,若得到法官允許方可在法定地點由執法人員執行。(「寬容」的伊斯蘭教就不同了,就算不說榮譽謀殺那麼極端的,至少可以隨時「用柳條輕輕抽打她的細腰」)
80.Every married woman shall be free from bodily correction or stripes (whipping) by her husband, unless it be in his own defense upon her assault. If there be any just cause of correction, complaint shall be made to authority assembled in some Court, from which she shall receive it.
還有
第29款(選擇陪審團):In all actions at law it shall be the liberty of the plaintiff and defendant by mutual consent to chose whether they will be tried by the bench or by a jury, unless it be where the law upon just reason hath otherwise determined. The like liberty shall be granted to all persons in criminal cases.
第38款以及第48款(知情權)
38.Every man shall have liberty to record in the public rolls of any Court any testimony given upon oath in the same Court, or before two Assistants, or any deed or evidence legally confirmed there to remain in perpetuum rei memoriam, that is for for perpetual memorial or evidence upon occasion.
48.Every inhabitant of the Country shall have free liberty to search and view any rolls, records or registers of any Court or office except the Council, and to have a transcript or exemplification thereof written, examined and signed by the hand of the officer of the office, paying the appointed fees thereof.
第61款(隱私):No magistrate, juror, officer, or other man shall be bound to inform present or reveal any private crime or offense, wherein there is no peril or danger to this plantation or any member thereof, when any necessity of conscience binds him to secrecy grounded upon the word of God, unless it be in the case of testimony lawfully required.
第75款(異議權):It is and shall be the liberty of any member or members of any Court, Council or civil assembly in cases making or executing any order or law, that properly concern religion, or any cause capital, or wars, or subscription to any public articles or remonstrance, in case they cannot in conscience and judgment consent to that way the major vote or suffrage goes, to make their contra remonstrance or protestation in speech or writing, and upon request to have their dissent recorded in the rolls of the Court. So it be done Christianly and respectfully for the manner, and their dissent only be entered without the reasons thereof, for the avoiding of tediousness.
蘆笛引用了John Winthrop的一句話,然後就詩性大發,感嘆「這不是暴政,什麼是暴政?」,以及「美國獨立后民主建國是清教徒的功勞是何等彌天大謊」。
這句話來自Wikipedia:
...those who praise Winthrop fail to note his strident anti-democratic political tendencies. Winthrop stated, for example, "If we should change from a mixed aristocracy to mere democracy, first we should have no warrant in scripture for it: for there was no such government in Israel ... A democracy is, amongst civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government. [To allow it would be] a manifest breach of the 5th Commandment."[5]
這番言論的前因後果不容易說明白,跟一頭豬的爭議有關,最終造成1644年的一項法令(兩院議員不再混合開會)。
重點在於John Winthrop所稱的mixed aristocracy到底何指。下面取自他的另一篇政論
The Government of the Massachusetts consists of Magistrates and Freemen: in the one is placed the authority, in the other, the liberty of the commonwealth. Either hath power to act, both alone, and both together, yet by a distinct power, the one of liberty, the other of authority. The Freemen act of themselves in electing their magistrates and officers; the magistrates act alone in all occurrences out of court; and both act together in the General Court; yet all limited by certain rules, both in the greater and smaller affairs, so as the Government is regular in a mixed aristocraty, and no ways arbitrary.
注:溫斯羅普這篇1644年的論文中引述了殖民地特許狀里的條款,闡明了這個「反民主」政體的基本權力分配方式——統治階層成員(總督、副總督及多位「助手」,總數不能超過18名)由自由民每年重選一次,執政者們的權力即使在任期內仍受到一些制約,如果要收稅(包括其它重大事件,例如立法、或授予某人公民權),則必須同時得到過半自由民(或其代表)的同意。
The parties or members of this body politic are reduced under two kinds, Governor and Company, or Freemen: to the Governor it adds a Deputy, and eighteen Assistants: in these is the power of authority placed, under the name of the Governor (not as a person, but as a State) and in the other (which is named the Company) is placed the power of liberty: - which is not a bare passive capacity of freedom, or immunity, but such a liberty as hath power to act upon the chiefest means of its own welfare (yet in a way of liberty, not of authority) and that under two general heads, election and counsel: (1) they have liberty to elect yearly (or oftener if occasion require) all their Governors and other their general officers, viz., such as should have influence (either judicial or ministerial) into all parts of the jurisdiction; (2) they have liberty of counsel in all the General Assemblies, so as without their counsel and consent no laws, decrees, or orders, of any public nature or concernment, not any taxes, impositions, impresses, or other burdens of what kind soever, can be imposed upon them, their families or estates, by any authority in the Government: which notwithstanding remains still a distinct member, even in those General Assemblies: otherwise our state should be a mere Democratic, if all were Governors or magistrates, and none left to be an object of government, which cannot fall out in any kind of Aristocratie.
常識是:所謂"混合貴族政體(mixed aristocracy)"當然是指民主成分與貴族成分加以混合,以區別於"單純"民主政體。如果你不斷章取義,當然該知道Winthrop那段話前面就明說"民意代表"(Deputies)是該殖民地政治結構中的"民主成分",由此證明如果取消magistrates的否決權,則只剩下了民主成分,成了純民主政體。(民主政體是最壞的政體,這種話由麥迪遜來講就好得很,清教徒這樣說就十惡不赦)
事實上,麻州的「貴族」無非是一年一度投票選出的,只是他們在任期內擁有一定限度的自決權,跟鄉鎮代表們隨時代表當下的民意有所不同,所以後者是民主成分,前者是貴族成分。
如果誰要拿「只有(官方承認的)教會成員才有參政權」這一條來證明溫斯羅普的「strident anti-democratic political tendencies」,就不能把維基上這段引用作為證據,因為那場爭論純是自由民內部的權力分配問題。至於非自由民,麻省當局認為他們沒什麼可抱怨的,不滿意可以直接走人
17.Every man of or within this jurisdiction shall have free liberty, notwithstanding any civil power, to remove both himself and his family at their pleasure out of the same, provided there be no legal impediment to the contrary.
如果拿前述WIKI上那段話來定性整個的「北美清教徒」也是不合適的,因為康涅狄格州就沒有這個「教會會員資格」的限制。
最後,說Massachusetts的「選舉權只限於教會成員」也容易讓人誤解,實際規定是這樣的:只有教會成員才有資格申請成為自由民,只要general court批准某申請人為自由民,哪怕他後來被教會開除會員資格,也不會因此喪失選舉權。(當然,官方承認的各公理宗教會本身的管理也是「民主」化的)
說完了「民主的彌天大謊」,最後再說說伊斯蘭教比清教徒「寬容」的問題。先學習蘆笛語錄
「比起今日的極端回回來,當年的清教徒也實在乾淨不到哪兒去,甚至還不如佔領了君士坦丁堡的奧斯曼帝國的回回——人家在1453年佔領了君士坦丁堡后,還實行了宗教容忍,次年就恢復了當地基督徒的最高級主教。自此後希臘人一直能自由信奉東正教,而清教徒在兩百年後在小媳婦熬成婆后還做不到這點,甚至比英國原來迫害他們的「婆婆」還厲害萬倍。」
從Thomas Aquinas以來,到第一代宗教改革分子(路德,慈運里),都首先明確表明基督教政權不能強迫境內的異教徒(猶太教徒和回回)改宗,只有在他們公開說「你們的宗教是假的」或者咒罵上帝時,才作為「褻瀆」加以懲罰。(詳情見 http://www.rxhj.net/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=25510 )那麼伊斯蘭教寬容在哪兒呢?你能向回教徒傳教嗎?回回能改宗嗎?罵安拉和穆聖能被「寬容」嗎?唯一可能更寬容的一點:基督教禁止境內所有人跳大神,伊斯蘭教東征西討版圖巨大,或許當地人什麼儀式都可以被「容忍」,但是你把十字架或佛像帶進麥加拭拭。
話說回來,清教徒就算趕不上伊斯蘭教寬容,但是要判斷其歷史地位,首先應該跟基督教國家的世俗君主相比,才能看它是進步還是反動。英王禁止在國教會之外的聚會,講道人員必須發誓贊同公禱書中的全部內容,獲得合法執照,否則是「非法講道」。領取聖餐時必須對著那東西屈膝(當然你不領就不必跪)——初期清教徒希望在國教內部改革時,主要就是糾纏這個問題,他們請求批准讓年紀大腿腳不便的信徒可以站著領聖餐,但是國王認為「退一步就完了」,堅決不準。
北美那些公理會當然比起國教的管理體制要寬容多了。首先每個教會地位平等,互不隸屬;再者每個公理會在財產管理、任免神職人員以及接納或開除會員這些重大事務上,都是由全體會員按照少數服從多數的原則投票決定;而且私下的宗教聚會是合法的,雖然不被官方承認為「通過資格認證」的教會(需要得到官員的批准或其它正式教會的承認才能轉正),不能享受財政補貼,其會員不具備申請公民權的資格——但是比起在英國要受治安處罰,哪裡更寬容?
最重要的是,新英格蘭只列出了一些具體的禁止事項,只要不違反即可自行其是。而英王則是規定人們(至少是神職人員)必須積極地按照某一套去做(例如公禱書,特定儀式),哪邊的空間更大,一目了然。新英格蘭的法律讓人有穩定的預期,而且受到指控之後也是按照正式的庭審程序受審,有權為自己辯護,而不是暴民式的審判。(回頭說說平民在土耳其素丹治下的幸福生活:他們的生命和財產安全如何?是否可能沒人敢露富,否則權貴就像蒼蠅見了血一樣?)
最後,當你嘲笑「清教徒宗教寬容」的說法時,至少應該結合史實解釋一下:為什麼不能說克倫威爾的宗教政策比前後的英王更寬容?(克倫威爾時教派層出不窮,宣傳和平主義拒絕服兵役的貴格會正是這時出現,連那些繼續遵守國教方式的聚會都被允許)
至於把美國的宗教自由算成傑氟遜的功勞更是缺乏常識。當時美國各州早就是信仰自由的,立憲者只是解決官方教派接受政府補貼的問題(弗及尼亞按照傳統以聖公會為官方教派,但其它教派的成員數量早已遠超過聖公會成員)。最後「國會不得立法建立國教」的提法正是出於Fisher Ames的動議。
北美長老會總會在1729年(http://www.pcahistory.org/documents/subscription/adoptingact.html)就已經正式把Westminster Confession中的"懲罰褻瀆"的內容給解釋掉了(concerning which clauses the Synod do unanimously declare, that they do not received those articles in any such sense as to suppose the civil magistrate hath a controlling power over Synods with respect to the exercise of their ministerial authority; or power to persecute any for their religion),公理會更是早已自由化,哪裡需要一個地下黨傑氟遜去「締造宗教自由」。 |
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