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Schipper Kristofer 施舟人北大演講全文《中國的歷史文化及其在全球的影響》

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Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:46 | 只看該作者 回帖獎勵 |倒序瀏覽 |閱讀模式
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2011-10-12 12:22 編輯

Schipper Kristofer 施舟人北大演講全文《中國的歷史文化及其在全球的影響》
"Understanding the Chinese Development : Its History and its Present Global Significance"

聽眾:美國教育代表團(來自美國44個州的450名教育官員)
地點:北京大學校長辦公樓禮堂,時間:2008年06月26日。



(轉載自:施舟人五經翻譯 感動中國)


簡介:法國國家高等研究院(EPHE)教授施舟人(Kristofer Schipper)。施舟人教授通曉八種語言,是歐洲三大漢學家之一。歷任國立法國高等研究院(EPHE)教授、法蘭西學院高等漢學研究所(IHEC du Collège de France)所長、法國遠東研究院(EFEO)研究員、荷蘭萊頓大學(LEYDE)中國歷史學講座教授、荷蘭皇家科學院(KNAW)院士。施舟人1934年生於瑞典,祖籍荷蘭,二十歲即已到達巴黎學習漢學,先後獲得法國高等研究院(EPHE)博士學位、法國國家文學博士學位(Doctorat d'Etat ès Lettres)。后仍不滿足於書本,又到台灣南部,親身體悟道教七年,成為受到真傳的外籍道士。從台南回到法國后,被聘任至國立法國高等研究院EPHE,任教長達三十年。2001年來中國大陸至今。施舟人現領銜主持大型國際學術合作項目《中華五經——詩經、尚書、禮記、易經、春秋》八種語言外文翻譯工作。在西方視角中,道教研究是漢學核心。國際學界普遍認為,道教文明是真正的中華本土文明,其中涵蓋了科學、藝術、醫學、歷史、倫理、哲學、心理等全部人類學科。而作為西方漢學發源地的巴黎,是整個歐美世界的道教研究中心。施舟人治學五十載而不輟,學問淵深,屢次主持西方漢學研究國際合作。2005年,施舟人畢生巨著《道藏通考》三卷本在美國芝加哥大學出版——此書是接續了歐洲幾代漢學家之努力,才最終得以完成的對於煌煌巨著《道藏》所含全部書籍之歷史考證。同年,法國總統授予施舟人榮譽騎士勛位(Légion d'honneur)。之後,有感於回憶六十年代其師長饒宗頤在法國高等研究院(EPHE)講學時,聞聽《五經》不被西方所知、日漸湮沒而落淚,(后饒宗頤曾獲法國高等研究院EPHE建校百年以來首次頒發的亞裔榮譽博士殊榮),施舟人心中受到極大震撼,故晚年不休,多年為《中華五經》之國際研究翻譯工作而奔走。現領銜主持由法國高等研究院、哈佛大學、巴黎大學、北京大學、中國國家漢辦、中國孔子學院、香港中文大學、劍橋大學、普林斯頓大學等世界級學術機構的國際合作計劃《五經翻譯》。即檢校中華五經之西方歷代舊譯,補譯所缺,改正錯誤,並利用一切最新考古發現,校訂版本,最後逐字逐句翻譯,集體商定。最終將饒宗頤先生所稱的蘊含中華文明真正源頭的五部經典《五經》——《詩經》、《尚書》、《禮記》、《易經》、《春秋》——重新系統地、科學地翻譯為八種外語(法語、英語、德語、西班牙語、阿拉伯語、希伯來語、印地語、馬來語),為其在世界五大洲流傳,最終集體確立一個負責任的西文定本,以真正實現中華古文明之播火。此項工程,將建立在最堅實的國際漢學合作基礎上,但其意義,已超出了學術本身。返本歸原,再明中華。造福人類,意義深遠。


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演講:

Well, thank you very much indeed
非常感謝大家。
I am really embarrassed now to begin my talk
我現在有點不知道怎麼開口
after your expectation has been set so high
因為剛才的介紹讓你們對我的期望值太高了。
But let me first say dear Madam Xu
但是還是要首先向徐琳女士
dear President Wu dear friends
吳志攀主任和各位朋友問候一句
Zaoshanghao
早上好
I have been asked to be here at this morning
今天早上我應邀來到這裡
session to give the customary talk on
與大家探討一個十分普遍的話題
Chinese language and culture.
中國的語言和文化。
You may be surprised to see
你們看到一張「外國臉」
a foreigner like you waiguolian
來講中國文化一定會覺得奇怪
Perhaps it should be a Chinese
也許確實應該由一位中國人來講
What claim can I make to stand here before you and introduce Chinese culture
那麼我有什麼資格站在大家面前呢
that I had to learn sometimes the hard way that we all have
我同大家一樣 在學習中國文化時 要付出很大努力
Probably it』s because I am now 73
也許我的優勢就是我今年已經73歲了
and I spent 50 years of my life doing the stuff.
我一生有50年的時間都在研究中國文化
So being here with all of you,
所以我今天才能同大家坐在一起,
and also very welcome with your schools, your universities or colleges preparing
同時我也很高興地看到你們的很多學校、大學和學院
or already having curriculums in Chinese studies.
都在準備或者已經設置了中國研究的課程。
Perhaps our Chinese friends thought that
也許中國朋友們會發現
I would be a person he would like to talk to and exchange your views with
我是一個願意與大家對話 交流思想的人
so this morning
所以今天
I proposed that instead of taking to you
我建議不只是我一個人講
I』d like to talking with you
而是我們相互交流
And of course there should be some kind of general subject we should talk about.
我想一定有一些普遍的話題是我們可以討論的
So let』s say that I will first present you with a power point presentation I made,
所以,我先給大家用我做的幻燈片做一個演講
and here you see the title already,
你們已經看到題目了
which is a power point presentation about Chinese culture and its place in the world
主要是關於中國文化及其在世界上的地位
with special emphasis on the relations of China with world formerly and today.
並重點關注中國過去與現在與其它各國的關係。
That will be one common ground we will have.
我想我們應該能夠達成一些共識
And before embarking on this presentation,
在開始之前,我想先說明,如果時間允許
and then after with the pleasure I hope if time allows
我很高興在演講結束后回答大家的問題
to have some general discussion here and I hope some of you will come up with questions, remarks or criticisms or problems whatever you have.
大家有什麼問題 看法和意見 都可以暢所欲言
The anther point I would like to make is that I could not cover in my speech today
另外我還想說一點題外話
and that is that I feel that having come to China is also
我覺得來到中國,了解中國的原因之一
because China has come to you in many ways.
是因為在很多方面都能感受到中國。
Now specially in the United Sates of America,
尤其是在美國
many eminent universities and colleges have a great number of ancient study students.
許多傑出的大學里都有很多做古代文化研究的學生。
And among those students,
在這些學生中
the students of Chinese descendants are numerous indeed.
中國人的數量可謂是十分龐大的。
Not only there are many students and many excellent Chinese students,
不僅是有很多學生,很多優秀的中國學生
you may know, you may be one of them,
你們可能認識這樣的學生,或者是他們的一員,
but also China now is present everywhere.
你還會覺得中國的氣息無處不在。
If after, let』s say 15 years of hard work are wonderful fast-food chain, like McDonald or Kentucky Fried Chicken,
如果說,像麥當勞、肯德基這樣的優秀的快餐連鎖店,用了大概15年的時間
are now present in china and have a few thousand outlets.
在中國建立了幾千家連鎖店。
We should not ignore the fact that
那麼我們千萬別忘了
there are 40,000 Chinese restaurants in the United States alone.
僅僅在美國,就有四萬家中餐館。
What is this Chinese expansion?
什麼是中國的擴張
What does it mean?
它又說明了什麼?
Because it』s global,
由於這種擴張是全球式的
what does it mean to our world of today and the world of tomorrow?
它對當今世界和未來世界來說,又意味著什麼?
I think these are good tides, I am very positive about that.
我認為這是很好的趨勢,
But there is also something we have to understand.
但是我們有一些東西是我們必須了解的。
So I am first and I hope you』ll bare with me show you a few pictures and a few comments
所以請允許我先給大家看幾幅圖片,發表一下我的意見,
and then invite you to join with me in this discussion.
然後我們來共同討論。
Although the present surroundings may not really evoke that or suggest that in recent time
儘管現在展示的圖片並不能說明
the world has witnessed the dynamic rise of China as a major world power.
中國已經崛起成為一個世界強國,
The development has been spectacular in all fields of science and technology.
但是中國在各個領域都有了長足的發展。科學技術突飛猛進,
Living standards have raised domestically,
人民生活水平顯著提高
the infrastructure of communication networks and public facilities have been revolutionized
通訊網路基礎設施和公共設施明顯改善,
and also in the fields of education, tremendous progress has been achieved.
還有教育方面,中國也取得了巨大的進步。
Yeah, China also has a very long history.
對,中國還是一個歷史悠久的國家。
It』s not the oldest civilization in the world perhaps
也許中國並不是世界上最古老的文明,
but it』s certainly the oldest continuous
但確是世界上現存的
still living Asian civilization in the world, along with India.
並且仍然在延續的最古老的亞洲文明,與印度齊名。
China today is a place of contrasts.
中國是一個充滿強烈對比的地方,
This is former Shanghai
這是舊上海
and some part of Shanghai that still looks this way.
現在上海很多地方還都保留了原有的樣子。
But for those of you who are going to Shanghai,
但是,如果你們現在去上海
what you also see is this.
看到的應該是這樣的圖景。
There still some places in Bejing,
還有北京的一些地方,
where you can find this familiar scene:
這樣的畫面大家應該很熟悉:
small Hutong with many shops, in the open people walking around, pedestrians,
衚衕兩側,小店林立,行人來來往往,
but this is a view of Beijing you have already seen I suppose from your bus,
但是這一幅應該是大家坐在公交車上能看到的場景
and become equally familiar.
同樣覺得很熟悉。
What was the response of the world towards China 2 centuries ago?
兩個世紀以前,世界眼中的中國是什麼樣的?
Here you have Leo Port, from Rangc,
這是Leo Port, 來自Rangc,
who was famous when I started my Chinese studies.
在我該開始學習中國研究的時候就很有名了。
He would be surprised, good Leo Port, in his shamber look,
這位Leo Port聽了以後一定會瞪大眼睛,
if he knew how much China had already changed at the time he wrote those words of Eternal Stagnation.
如果他知道,早在他寫《永恆的停滯》這本書的時候,中國就已經發生了變化。
Because one of the keys
我今天演講的重點之一
and one of the main themes of my talk today is that
同時也是一個重要的主題
china has always changed.
就是中國一直在發生變化。
Throughout its long history, it is often, not always,
在其漫漫歷史長河中,除了少數例外,
but often dynamically adopted to new circumstances and new developments.
中國總是能夠積極地適應新情況、新發展。
In fact China』s history is a succession of different eras
事實上,中國歷史就是不同時代的連續體
that all have their different characteristics.
每個時代都各有特點。
Things are not the same.
東西不會是一成不變的。
If you have a piece of ceramics in the Tang dynasty,
如果你手裡有一片唐朝的瓷片,
it』s quite different from the one of the Song dynasty.
那它跟宋朝的肯定有很大不同。
For us Europeans, I speak for myself,
對我們歐洲人來說,當然這只是我的觀點,
there are far more continuity in southern France and Italy,
法國南部和義大利則更有持續性。
the way peasants live, the way they make their things,
農民的生活方式,他們的製作方法,
is very much like what in antiquity.
都跟古代十分相似。
But China has changed so dramatically throughout its history.
但是中國卻在歷史長河中發生了巨大的變化。
That is one of the keys of understanding China today.
這是了解現代中國的密鑰之一。
In fact, when we talk about Chinese tradition,
事實上,當我們談中國的傳統
we talk about change.
我們就是在談變化。
In China, great change is also the great tradition.
在中國,巨大的變化就是偉大的傳統。
When did China begin?
中國起源於何時?
There is Pekingman, his face is here.
這是北京人的圖片,你們可以看到他的長相。
It is of course something imagined by an artist.
當然這是藝術家想象的。
I suppose he must have been more handsome than that.
我想他本人一定要英俊的多。
But anyway, he lived a long long time ago,
不管怎樣,他生活在很久很久以前
perhaps half a million years.
大概五十萬年前吧。
But really civilization, and already very much, Chinese civilization,
但是那時候文明已經出現,而且有了一定規模。
Chinese with rice and also with beautiful ceramics,
中國的水稻和漂亮的瓷器,
is not found in northern China,
不是在中國北部發現的,
but in central eastern China, in the province of Zhejiang,
而是在中國中東部省份,浙江發現的。
and it dates about 7000 years ago.
大概有7000多年的歷史了。
This is China』s neo-lithic period.
那時是中國的新石器時代。
They lived already in wooden houses,
中國人那時已經居住在木頭房子了,
they ate already rice,
已經能吃上水稻,
the first and the earliest rice cultivation we found in the world.
中國是世界上第一個也是最早種植水稻的國家。
So here we embark on our trip
在這裡,讓我們揚帆啟航
through Chinese history.
暢遊於中國的歷史長河,
I hope you』ll bare with me and
希望大家喜歡我的演講,
I hope you』ll be able to see the power point presentation
也希望大家都能看清幻燈片上的文字
and for those who are a bit sitting in the back,
有一些人坐在大廳後面的位子,
and I saw there are still some chairs open here and there』s still some places open there,
我看到這邊還有一些空的椅子,這邊也有,
so if you are far away in the back of this hall and you can』t read the print on my ppt,
所以,如果你覺得自己坐的太靠後,看不清幻燈片上的字,
please, this is the moment, to come up and sit over here, OK?
可以現在坐到前面來。
This doesn』t seem to happen.
看來沒有人願意換位子。
I am going now to embark with you another trip, a trip through history.
下面就請隨我踏上這段歷史旅程。
There are four important periods.
有四個比較重要的時期。
I am not going to ask you to learn by heart after this talk the 24 or 25 dynasties of China.
我不會要求大家把中國24或25個朝代都背下來。
Let』s keep it simply.
我們把它變得簡單些。
China has 2000 years of its ancient history from its first dynasty until the moment it became what we called the unified empire.
中國從出現第一個朝代到形成一個統一的帝國,一共有2000多年的歷史。
Before that, China was a confederation of states,
在這之前,中國是諸侯國的聯邦
called 「the middle kingdoms imperial」.
叫做「中央帝國」。
Then we have anther period of China as a mighty states
然後是中國非常強盛的時期
at that time, from 220BC to 903
從公元前220年到903年,
China became a world power.
中國發展成為世界強國。
Then anther later empire that go all way up to 1911,
接下來的一個時期一直持續到1911年
when China became a republic.
中華民國成立。
And now we have modern and contemporary China,
接下來就是近代和當代中國,
with 100 years of modernization and progress.
100多年來,不斷走向現代化和歷史進步。
During its early history, ,
在中國歷史早期
「zhongguo」 meant the 「central states」
「中國」指「中央的城邦」
or should we say 「the united states」, united under a king,
或者說叫作「統一的城邦」,由國王統治。
who was a symbol of this unity,
國王是統一的象徵,
and who was not the lord, not the master, not the emperor,
但他不是地主,不是主人,也不是皇帝,
but who was the son, or better if it would be really truthful to Chinese, the child of heaven-「Tianzi」.
按照中國人的說法,他是上天的子嗣,稱作「天子」。
This story of the child of heaven and the confederation of China begins at around 2000BC,
大約公元前2000年,中國形成了統一的聯邦,出現了「天子」。
already we found bronze implements,
在那時已經有了青銅製品,
already we found exquisite jade,and --------- work
精美的玉器和--------
and already we found the most beautiful Neolithic pottery known in the world.
還有世界上最精美的新石器時代的陶器。
And then Chinese history or mythology has it,
接下來,根據中國歷史,或者說是神話,
that there was a man called Great Yu, who did the irrigation works,
出現了一個叫「大禹」的人,治理水患,
who made China suitable for agricultural development.
給中國創造了適合農業發展的環境。
The first king of China was portrayed, this is Rubbin of the stidti,
這是Rubbin畫的中國第一位皇帝的畫像,
was about 100AD,
大概是公元100年
is the earliest portrait we have of Great Yu.
也是我們現有的最早的關於大禹的畫像。
Here he stands, with a shovel in his hand.
他站在那裡,手裡拿著一把鏟子。
That』s the first image of the king of China, a peasant,
中國第一個皇帝的形象,是一個農民
with a typical peasant hat you can still see today.
頭上戴著農民式的帽子,我們今天還能看到。
Writing developed during the next dynasty, the Shang or Yin dynasty from 1700BC to 1027BC.
文字是在公元前17世紀至公元前11世紀的商朝或者稱作殷商時期出現的。
Here the first forms of Chinese writing,
這就是中國文字最初的形式
were not used to communicate between men,
它最初並不用於人與人之間的交流,
but to communicate between men and the ancestors, the gods.
而是人和他們的祖先,或者說是與神交流。
These are sacred writings, in the hands of those scribes, who knew the secret language of the gods.
這是神聖的文字,寫下文字的人也通曉神的語言。
In our Mediterranean cultures, it is the word that begins.
在地中海文化中,最初出現的文字是詞。
In China, it was the symbol, the sign, the writing.
而在中國,是象徵、是符號。
It was writing who stands at the beginning of culture and also at the beginning of revelation.
處在中國文化的起點和啟示的起點上的,正是這種象徵和符號。
These oracle bone inscriptions discovered about 107 years ago
這些刻在龜甲上的文字是107年前發現的
have now been deciphered and can be understood.
現在人們已經破譯了甲骨文,明白了各種符號的含義。
And they are essentially the same writing that China has today.
甲骨文已經具有了當今漢字的雛形。
If you talk about the unity of Chinese culture and the continuity of Chinese culture,
中國文化的統一性和持續性,
that continuity is writing.
就體現在文字上。
And that is something that we foreigners must bare in mind.
這一點,外國人必須時刻銘記於心。
If we teach Chinese, if we have Chiese classes, Chinese studies in our colleges, universities, writing is of paramount importance.
如果我們在學校、大學里教授中文課程,寫作總是最重要的。
Writing is always higher regarded than speech.
寫作總是比口語更要受到重視。
Writing developed even more during the next Zhou dynasty,
文字在周朝有了進一步發展。
when China re-begins its classical era.
周朝是在商朝之後的又一個朝代。

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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:48 | 只看該作者
Here we find not any longer just writing intended to communicate with supernatural beings
文字不僅是用於人與神之間的交流
but to proclaim royal deeds that are then
還用於記錄皇族的宣言
thanks to the incredible craftsmanship, of the ancient bronze artisans of China
那時,中國青銅匠人的工藝技術令人難以置信,
and their technology that also brought the first metallurgic technology and
他們的技術可以說是冶金技術的雛形,
of course the first discovery of iron technology at the very very early date
當然還有出現得很早的鐵器技術
more than 1000 yeas before Europe.
比歐洲造了1000年。

We find the melted into the bronze vessels, the first long texts like this one
我們發現這些刻在青銅器皿上的長長的文字
which is in royal proclamation and these same texts
是皇族的公告,同樣的文字
now are part of the earliest books in China,
也出現在中國早期的著作中
the Great Classics, for which I will say a few words more in the moment.
也就是「四書五經」,我稍後還會提到。
When writing and technology developed,
隨著文字和技術的發展,
also the philosophical speculation for about 「the world and the meaning of the world」.
關於「世界和世界本源」的哲學思想也蓬勃發展起來
From the very beginning, there were two main ways of thought:
起初,有兩種哲學學說:
the ways of Laozi,
一個是老子的學說
who stressed nature and the philosophy we now called Daoism
強調自然和哲理,就是我們現在說的道教。
and Confucius whose teachings stresses culture and learning
另一個是孔子,強調文化和學習,
and what we now call Confucianism.
也就是我們現在說的儒教。
Of course you know that Confucius were never called himself Confucianism
當然,中國人不會稱孔子的學說是「Confucianism」,
because that』s Latin.
因為這是拉丁文。
He was called 「Kongzi」,
中國人叫他「孔子」,
this was Latinized by the early western missionaries,
「Confucianism」是西方傳教士根據造詞法造出來的詞
who want to make him one part of our European classical philosophers.
他們希望儒教也是歐洲古典哲學的一部分。
During the following period, writing developed even more.
接下來的一段時期,文字有了進一步發展
We can see that these philosophers talked and
哲學家開始說教
there teachings were transmitted orally.
口頭傳播他們的思想
But the around the 1500AD, words were put into writing,
但是在公元15世紀,語言變成了文字
on two kinds of supports, on bamboo slips and on silk,
書寫在兩種東西上:竹片和絲綢
both are expensive and difficult ways of preserving writings.
寫在這兩種東西上的字跡都不容保存
But the specimens you see have unearthed recently,
但是現在你們看到的樣本是最近出土的
in the recent 50 years in China,
大概50年前
and they have revolutionized our knowledge about ancient China and ancient culture.
它們改變了我們對古代中國和古代文化的看法
We are consistently changing.
我們總是在變
Our views too.
我們的觀點也在變
Not only China is changing
不僅是中國
but also our understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese history is changing
我們對中國文化和歷史的看法也是動態變化的
thanks to the sensational archeological finds.
這些考古發現改變了歷史
First the oracle bone inscriptions,
先是刻有文字的龜甲
then the decipherment of the bronze inscriptions
然後是破譯了青銅器上的文字
and finally the hundreds of great archeological finds of texts in tombs of the ancient philosophers and ancient histories.
還有在古代哲學家和古墓中找到了成千上萬的偉大的考古發現
One very important date in human history is 221BC,
公元前221年是一個非常重要的年代
when China ended up by being united,
中國結束了群雄紛爭的時代
not only militarily but also ideologically into one big state.
形成了軍事上、政治上統一的國家
It has remained until today with intermittent periods of division,
雖然中國以後也間歇有過分裂的時期
but the unity of China was created
但是中國的統一已經實現
because of the Chinese script and Chinese thought
藉助的是中國的著作和思想
and the first emperor used that to unify China politically but also militarily.
中國的第一個皇帝,用思想從軍事和政治上統一了中國
And for those of you who are going to Xi』an,
如果你們去過西安
you』ll have the privilege to see I hope the recent archeological find
我想你們一定看到了那個最近巨大的考古發現
of his huge army in this fantastic place with thousands of his warriors
成千上萬的地下軍隊,列陣宏偉,
each individually portrayed, each of these statutes is an individual,
每個人都形態各異
standing there in remembrance of the efforts he took to unify this gigantic empire.
訴說著秦王為實現統一的帝國付出的每一份努力
The Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty is of short duration.
秦朝,中國的第一個朝代,歷時不長
But almost as long as the late Roman empire, was the Han dynasty,
但是之後的漢朝,幾乎和羅馬帝國一樣悠久
who really forged China』s unity, in terms of political, administration, culture,
漢朝不僅在政治、軍事和文化上
but also ethnic.
還在民族上統一了中國
So the Chinese call themselves today Han, Han people.
所以現在中國人稱自己為漢人
And sinology, Chinese studies, are called 「Hanxue」.
研究中國的文化叫做「漢學」
That is because of the importance of this period,
這是因為漢朝在中國歷史的地位
which is all equal and even greater in many aspects,
在很多方面都比羅馬
but as fundamental as Roman empire was for Western history.
在西方歷史上的地位還要高
During this period, china expanded,
這一時期,中國進行了擴張
not militarily,
但並不是軍事擴張
it expanded in a quite unexpected way for us.
漢朝擴張的方式是我們始料未及的
It expended commercially.
商業的擴張
Because if you look at Chinese history, if you read Chinese history,
如果你了解中國歷史
you』ll find much what I』ve said before,
你會對我剛才講的內容很熟悉
but very little stressed the important fact,
但是大多數學者都忽略了這樣一個重要的事實
that China was already in the ancient time,
那就是中國在遙遠的古代
an important trading and manufacturing nation.
就已經成為重要的貿易國和製造大國
This road which thank to the peace established by the Han dynasty,
這條由和平帶來的絲綢之路,是在漢朝形成的
this road through central Asia and lead to Parsi and Persia
穿過中亞地區,到達帕西和波斯
and then from there to Rome,
然後又到羅馬
became the major commercial link between the east and west integrity.
成為促進東西方融合的主要商道
And in the 100BC and also later,
公元前一世界以後
Rome became absolutely wild about Chinese products, especially silk.
羅馬瘋狂地追求中國的產品 尤其是絲綢
Silk was very much sought after and
絲綢當時備受推崇
really a must for each Roman matron.
已經成為每一個羅馬貴族的必備之物
They all had to have their silk dress.
每個人都必須擁有一件絲綢服裝
Here you find a fresco, wall painting from haclonain,
這是一幅壁畫
portraying a lady dressed in Chinese silk.
畫的是一位小姐穿著中國的絲綢
This silk trade almost ruined Rome.
絲綢貿易幾乎毀了羅馬
It brought it on the brink of bankruptcy
把羅馬推向破產的的邊緣
because the trade was one-sided.
因為貿易是單向的
China produced and then Rome and
中國只賣,羅馬只買
also of course intermedias, Parsi and Persia bought.
當然買家還有intermedias、帕西和波斯
This is a pattern we』ll find time and time again in China』s history.
這種貿易模式在中國歷史上還會經常看到
But other important developments took place.
但是除此以外還有另外一個重大發展
China was reinforcing also its fundamental cultural unity by adopting Confucianism as the state doctrine.
中國把儒教作為國教,在文化上的統一得到了加強
The books from ancient times that were left from in inscriptions I just showed you,
剛才向大家展示的刻在青銅器上的文字
they are re-edited and re-modeled into what we called 「the five classics」,
被重新編輯,成為我們現在所說的「五經」
which are every bit as important as the western Pentateuch,
它們的重要性相當於摩西五書,
the Torah of the Jews and
猶太人的聖經,
the five books of the ancient, all testaments in Christianity.
基督教的舊約書。
Every young student and every scholar and
每一名學生、學者
all those who aspired at public office
還有那些想謀得一官半職的人
had to learn these classics by heart.
都必須把五經熟讀於心
This stands at the heart of Chinese civilization.
這一點可以說是中國文明的核心
The sacred books of China, as they were called by James Lager,
James Lager把五經成為中國人的聖書
who translated them in the 1880s,
並在19世紀八十年代將其翻譯成英文
are the canons of Chinese culture and history,
它們是中國文化和歷史的聖典
the guide books for wisdom of the ancient sages.
中國古代聖賢的智慧指引
Formerly, as I said already,
我剛才說過 過去
all students have to learn them by heart to qualify for state examinations.
所有的學生要想參加全國考試 就必須把這些書熟記於心
Of course state examinations that go parallel with
當然全國統一考試的出現
the adoption of Confucianism as state doctrine and
是與儒教作為國教
the canonization of the Five Classics.
以及五經作為聖典相輔相成的
This examination system is a revolution itself.
這種考試體系本身就是一種革命
Because for the first time,
歷史上第一次
not noble people, where noble man were eligible for office
不再只是貴族才能當官
not just those who had by birth the privilege of serve the state were appointed
命運不再是由一個人的出身決定
but people were recruited on basis of their intelligence, of their insight, of their capacities.
而是由他們的智慧,才能和能力來決定
This imperial examination system that in some ways remains until today
這種皇家科舉制度今天還有一定程度的保留
and still in the way that state examinations who qualify the students
國家還是組織統一的考試錄取學生
to enroll for instance at this university
比如北大就是這樣
called the admiration of western world as soon as we started to know it from the late 16 or 17 century
十六、十七世紀,這種模式傳到西方后立即受到西方社會的推崇
on and has inspired the civil service administration in England
英國的公務員行政管理體制就從中借鑒
and the Grand Ecole, the competitive examination for entrance to state colleges in France
法國的國立大學入學考試也是這樣
until the present day.
直到今天還是如此
In China, they remain in a way for entrance examinations to the universities,
在中國,大學的入學考試模式也保留著這種考試製度的影子
but the imperial examinations were abolished in 1908.
但是科舉制度在1908年廢除
Here follows the enumeration of the Five Classics.
這是五經的排序
I show you them because they are so little known today
之所以給大家看是因為現在世人對它們的了解太少
but our Hanban institute that invites me today has the project
但是漢辦,也就是要請我來演講的機構,現在有一個項目
to make new translations in the next two years in English
就是用兩年的時間把五經重新翻譯
but in other languages, in German, in Spanish in Italian, in Arabic,
不僅是英語,還有德語、西班牙語、義大利語和阿拉伯語
so that the whole world may at last have access to the cannons of Chinese culture.
這樣全世界就都能踏上中國文化的方舟
The Five Classics start out with the Odes, the Book of Songs.
五經中第一本為《詩經》
And the first songs, the opening of what can call Chinese Bible,
是中國第一部詩歌總集,中國的《聖經》
or the sacred book of China,
中國的聖書
I don』t know if you have had read them in the beautiful translation of Arthur Willy,
不知道大家有沒有讀過Arthur Willy的譯作
goes back the 1930s,
是在二十世紀三十年代翻譯的
but still is very readable today.
但可讀性仍然很強
The Book of Odes doesn』t start out with the creation of the world.
《詩經》的開篇講的並不是創世篇
It didn』t say the beginning or something like that.
並沒有講世界的起源
It started out with love songs with men and women
它以男女之間的情歌開篇
singing their love to each other,
情人互訴愛意
which is another way to look at the beginning of humanity, at the beginning of the world.
這是探尋人類起源、社會起源的另一種視角
You have to switch a little bit.
我們需要轉換一下思維
It is not the super natural that made the world.
並不是某種超自然的力量創造了世界
No, we made the world.
是我們人類創造了世界
Man and women made world.
男人和女人
And they made the world through their love.
用愛創造世界
That is the message of the Book of Odes.
這就是《詩經》傳達給我們的信息
The Book of Documents has those texts of the earliest state governments
《書經》記錄了中國最早的政府公文
and stresses the necessary virtue, the human qualities
並且強調人必須具有哪些美德,哪些素質
that it takes to have the privilege of leading other people.
才有資格去領導別人
But most important and essential, are the Rites, the Li,
五經中最重要的是《禮記》
the books say what you have to learn and what you have to be to become a complex human being.
這本書講述了人之所以為人,所需要學習和具備的東西
And then of course the fourth book is very well known abroad,
第四本書在國外最為著名
the only one of the Five Classics
也是唯一著名的一本
The Book of Change, Yijing,
《易經》
known in the US especially through the translation of Richard Wilhelm and Benz
這本書由於被Richard Wilhelm和Benz翻譯成英文 在美國廣泛流傳
published by Princeton University
由普林斯頓大學出版


據說銷量達50萬冊
and who has introduced Chinese cosmology, Chinese divination and also Chinese wisdom
這本書將中國的天文,占卜和智慧,
among many many Europeans and Americans.
介紹給很多歐洲人和美國人
Finally the Spring and Autumn,
最後一本是《春秋》
the least known,
也是最不為人熟知的
which is the first history book.
是中國的第一部史書
As the education developed,
隨著教育的發展
humanity also responded by making necessary discoveries.
人類也創造出更多的發明
Among the great discoveries, the great invention of China,
在中國的四大發明中
paper stands of course at the very beginning,
紙的發明無疑是最重要的
not really at the beginning,
雖然紙在四大發明中出現的時間並不是最早的
but the most spectacular invention,
但卻是最重要的
and the one who has the most influence on human culture in general.
它對整個人類的文化都產生了十分深遠的影響
The invention of paper in…
紙的發明……
I didn't give a date I am very sorry.
對不起,我沒有給出確切時間
It』s in the beginning of 200AD
大概在公元200年
when a man called Cai Lun, who was in imperial service,
有一個叫蔡倫的朝廷官員
first used vegetable fiber,
率先用蔬菜的纖維
here you see a picture of how it was done,
這幅圖片展示了紙的製作過程
to cook and steamed and made into mash
把纖維煮爛、蒸熟、做成泥
and then spread out on the mats to dry
然後平攤在席上晾乾
in order to make readable paper.
幹了以後就成了可以寫字用的紙
Together we have the development of the four treasures of the Chinese scholar,
與此同時,我們也有了中國文人的「文房四寶」
you may acquire some:
你們自己也可能有
the ink stone, the ink, the brushes and paper.
那就是筆、墨、紙、硯
As a result of the invention of paper, classical studies developed greatly.
紙的發明讓古典學說得以迅速發展
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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:50 | 只看該作者
The texts were engraved on stone,
文本刻在石板上
you could ink the stone
石板塗上墨
and then put a piece of paper on the inscription
上面覆蓋一層紙
and make what we call a rubbin,
這樣就形成了我們說的rubbin
that was the first printing,
這就是最早的印刷
the ancestor of our printing.
可以說是當今印刷的祖先
You could reproduce text by making rubbins of stones and inscriptions.
把紙貼在刻字的石頭上,就有了rubbin, 就可以一次次複製相同的文本
Later of course China also invented printing.
當然中國之後也的確發明了印刷術
We will come to that in a moment.
我們稍候再講
But after the fall of great classical empire of the Han,
但是漢朝衰落以後
Confucism went into decline
儒教也隨之走向破敗
and other part of China, not the scholars,
中國的另一部分群體 不是文人
but the local, the religion of the ordinary people,
而是普通大眾
the other side of Chinese philosophy 「Daoism」
他們代表了中國哲學的另一個側面 道教
and created what became China』s organized religion,
道教是中國土生土長的有組織的宗教
Daoism, which is quite different.
是一個十分與眾不同的宗教
It is based on self-cultivation,
它強調自我的修為
on the cultivation of medicine of long life
煅煉長生不老的神葯
and on meditation.
還要進行靜思
And the most symbolmetic symbol of that region
道教最具代表性的東西
is this incense burner,
應該是這個香爐
which you』ll find in every Chinese home
在每個中國家庭
and every Chinese restaurants in US.
美國的任意一個中餐館都能找到
You』ll find a small corner with an incense burner,
房屋的一角 擺設著一個香爐
some images and some fruits.
幾個神像 供奉著一些水果
That is also fundamental in China.
這在中國也是最根本的東西
This incense burner you see here
你們現在看到的這個香爐
has a cover in a form of a mountain.
蓋子看起來像一座山
You can sit before it and
你可以坐在它面前
you can make a metal trip towards the imaginary land
心馳神往於幻想之地
where you can roam around freely: xiaoyaoyou.
在那裡自由漫步:逍遙遊
It was Daoism who gives to China the perception of space.
道教給了中國人宇宙的概念
Its dream space in landscapes,
在夢中的風景遨遊
its relation to nature.
與自然親近
These paintings are supports for this kind of mental excursion,
這些畫反映的就是道教的神遊
this kind of meditation
一種冥想
when you free your mind and you nourish your spirit
放飛思想 滋潤心靈
by free and easy wondering
自由自在的翱翔
it also give rise to the Chinese landscape garden,
這也激發中國人設計了景觀園林
which was adopted later in Europe in 17 century.
17世紀,歐洲吸納了中國的這種設計風格
But on the heels of Daoism
但是緊跟道教而來的是
and preparing the way for something China had not known
當時中國人還不知曉的一個宗教
an organized religion came Buddhism.
佛教
In 350 of our era,
公園350年
north China was conquered by people from central Asia
中國北部被中亞人征服
who are here to Buddhism.
把佛教帶入中國
Buddhism had already been developed of course in India and central Asia for many centuries.
佛教在印度、東亞等地發展已有幾個世紀之久
It took a long time to come to China.
用了很長時間才傳入中國
But when it came,
但是佛教一到中國
it was a great innovation.
就給中國帶來了全新的面貌
The new tremendous change
這是與道教全然不同的宗教
And something the Chinese had never seen,
有一種東西中國人從來沒有見過
the statute
雕像
They are so common in Greek culture, in Egyptian culture, in Indian culture
雖讓雕像在希臘、埃及和印度文化里很常見
But Chinese,
但是對於中國人
that』s one of the main characteristics Chinese art
這也是中國藝術的主要特點之一
Chinese didn』t know any important idol statutes.
中國人從來不知道偶像崇拜
We have the statutes of these soldiers
雖然中國有兵馬俑
But they are not to be worshiped
但那並不是用來膜拜的
They do not represent deities
他們也不代表神
Statutes of deities of ancestor is introduced by Buddhism
祖先的神像是由佛教帶來的
Buddhism greatly developed
佛教在中國有了很大發展
And its way of how it took over, it was introduced and conquered China
它是外來的宗教 卻征服了中國
It』s interesting for us in a way also
我們對這一點很感興趣
western culture was adopted and conquered China in many ways
因為很多方面,西方文化也被借鑒並影響了中國文化
by translation
通過翻譯
The first time Chinese learn foreign languages was
中國人第一次接觸外語
when they have to learn sanscrit
And other Indian languages, like Bali and ---
to translate the Buddhist classics

After this period, after this classical empire
這個時期之後
there comes a moment when we Europe are steeped in the so called 「dark middle ages」
當歐洲人還處於「黑暗的中世紀」
China has the glorious empire of Tang
中國卻進入了輝煌的唐朝
First it was united by a short dynasty called Sui
唐朝之前還有一個比較短暫的朝代 隋朝
And then you have the long Tang dynasty
之後才是歷時悠久的唐朝
At that moment, Chinese culture comes to a maturity
中國文化在唐朝已經趨於成熟
You can appreciate it through its art
這一點在藝術上得以反映
The horse painted by one of the famous artist of the Tang period
這幅駿馬圖為唐朝一位著名畫家所繪
Symbolizes at the same time the enormous craftsmanship
顯示了當時手工技藝的純熟
and artistic drawing of art of this period
以及繪畫技藝的精湛
And also this horse which comes not from China
這匹馬也不是來自中國
but comes from western Asia
而是西亞
it comes from away from Fagana
遙遠的Fagana
is a sign of the extension of Chinese culture and
這表明了中國文化的傳播
also the extension of Chinese trade rules to these regions
也表明了中國的貿易規則在那些地區的傳播
The Tang is really the summit of Chinese culture
唐朝確實是中國文化的鼎盛時期
And we still read with great delight the poem written at that time
唐詩也一直為世人詠頌 流傳至今
there are still love poems just as in the Book of Songs
與《詩經》一樣 唐朝仍然有描寫愛情的詩
as this 「River」 cherished by Chinese more than anyone else
就像這首《長干行》倍受中國人喜愛
this very simple but very profound
這首詩內容簡單而深刻
poem about children who meet when they were very young
說的是兩個小孩從小一起長大
and will be married afterwards and have a very happy life
長大以後就要結為夫婦 快樂的生活
While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead
妾發初覆額
I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.
折花門前劇
You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse
郎騎竹馬來
You walked about my seat, playing with blue plums.
繞床弄青梅。
This beautiful translation is by Ezra Pound
這首美麗的唐詩是由愛斯拉•龐德翻譯的
People from all over the world then flocked to Xi』an, Chang』an
那時世界各地的人都湧向西安,當時叫長安
and the great figures from that period showed this
數據顯示
Persian, Chashcar, Coushan merchant with his fregant hat
-----人帶著---帽子,騎著駱駝走進長安
sitting on the camel waving hello while he arrives at the Chinese capital,
向中國人問好
with a lot of merchandise on his saddle.
駝背上滿載著貨物
The same period was also that China for the first time knew Christianity
在這個時期 中國人也是第一次接觸到了基督教
The historian Uranian kind of Christianity came to China and was
這種歷史的Uranian式的基督教
preached before it became completely assimilated in China itself
先是由牧師傳道 然後才被中國吸收
Now we come to the third period
接下來是第三個時期
Pre-modern and modern China
近代和現代中國
Four important discoveries will forge the destiny of China and the world
四大發明決定了中國和世界的命運
The invention of printing, the invention of magnetic compass,
印刷術 指南針
gun powder and
火藥
not to forget tea
當然 別忘了還有茶
Before we talk about tea
在說茶之前
Which might be useful perhaps for you to cut off your jet-lag
也許茶能幫助你們倒一下時差
This is printing
先說印刷術
And what was printed?
印的什麼呢
That was of course first of all the classics together with Buddhist scriptures
當然是古代經典和佛經
Like in Europe,
同歐洲一樣
printing enabled teaching and learning to spread incredibly
印刷術讓教育和學習得以廣泛傳播
So what had been until then a reserve kind of knowledge and expertise of a very small group
以前知識和技能還只是掌握在少數人手裡
Of people who could afford manuscripts, who have the time to transport them
只有有錢、有時間的人才能去買書
Now became absolutely distributed everywhere
現在 書卻遍地都是了
Printing allowed every Chinese to have access to knowledge and to learning
印刷術讓每個中國人都有機會去學習
The classical books were printed in incredible numbers
這些古代經典被大量印刷
Spread all over the empire
在唐朝任何一個地方都能買到
And now every peasant boy could prepare for the examinations
這樣 平民百姓也能參加科舉考試了
Creating the famous Chinese success story
於是有了著名的中國式的成功故事
From wrecks to riches
飛黃騰達

That is the theme of so many theatre pieces, so many novels
多少戲劇、小說,也都曾以此為題材
The poor peasant boy who by sheer hard work studying at night under the moonlight
窮困的書生 日夜燈下苦讀
Learning by heart the classics
背誦四書五經
Then going up to the examinations
然後進京考試
to became the prime minister of china
後來他成了總理
Not a millionaire
而不是百萬富翁
The magnetic compass and also sailing and ship building technology
指南針、航海和造船技術
Allow china to reach out wide over the seas
讓中國的足跡走向了遙遠的大海
Especially through southeast Asia and way until Africa and Madagascar
從東南亞一直走到非洲和馬達加斯加
Here we find this ancient Chinese compasses
這就是中國古代的指南針
that allowed navigators to orient themselves to know where they were
航海家用它們定位
when they are on the high seas
在海上辨別方向
And then of course guns transformed war
當然還有改變了戰爭模式的火槍
There is a kind of story that likes to say that Chinese invented gun powder
有人說中國人確實是發明了火藥
but they only use it for fireworks
但只是用來做煙花的
Sure Chinese fireworks are wonderful
對 中國的煙花很漂亮
It』s a great gift in humanity
這是人類的財富
But we very soon they find also the military use of guns
但是很快人們就發現火藥的軍事用途
and to transform Chinese warfare tremendously
從此 中國的戰爭模式發生了巨大變化
Even if gun technology remained rather rudimentary
即使那個時候的造槍技術還處於初級階段
Politics,rokers were also created in the same period

But let』s talk about tea
現在來說說茶
Why is tea such an enormous invention?
為什麼茶也是一個重要發明呢
It』s neglected,
茶的重要性被人們忽略了
My friend and mentor, Joseph Needham,
我的朋友 也是我的導師 Joseph Needham
introduced the notion of four Chinese inventions
給我講了中國的四大發明
Of course they are many more
當然還有很多其他的發明
Chinese invented a lot of things
中國的發明太多了
But he forgot I think which is the most important one,
但是他卻忽略了我認為恰恰是最重要的一個發明
which is tea

What makes tea so important?
茶為什麼如此重要
Coming from Europe, I come from a wine and beer drinking background
我來自歐洲,歐洲人都喜歡喝啤酒和紅酒
Why beer developed?
啤酒是怎樣發明的呢
Because in sedimentary settlements,
在沉積性定居點
that started from the neo-lithic revolution about 10,000BC in Europe
在公元前10世紀新石器時代的歐洲就出現了
The problem was the pollution of water
水的污染成為一個嚴重問題
Whenever people congregated on a certain place
因為只要是人們聚集在某處
They will soil the environment
人們就會把環境弄髒
and make water very soon undrinkable
水變得不可飲用
Water became dangerous
成了危險的東西
People know that
人們也認識到了這一點
One way to make water drinkable and disinfected,
讓水變得可以安全飲用
is to add fermentation, to add alcohol
有一種方法就是加入發酵劑 加入酒精
To fermented with leaves making beer or
植物發酵,就做成了啤酒
with the fermented grapes, making wine
葡萄發酵,就做成了葡萄酒
And mixed with water as peasants still doing -----

So then of course it becomes drinkable
這樣 水也就能喝了
But whatever we may like
但是不管我們多喜歡喝酒
We have to acknowledge that drinking a lot of alcohol is not so good for your health
我們都必須承認 酒喝太多了並不好
And it passes on your next generation
還會遺傳給下一代
China also was a wine drinking country
中國也曾經是一個飲酒的國家
Then one day someone discovered that
但是有一天,有一個突然發現
By boiling water, you made it, you purified it,
把水煮開可以去掉水中的雜質
you kill germs, you made it drinkable
殺掉細菌 水就變得可以飲用
By adding to boiled water
開水中可以加入一些東西
Tea originally means…「Cha」 in modern Chinese
「茶」在近代漢語里的最初的意思
Southern Chinese pronunciation tea of Southern Fujian 「dai」
南方人把茶說成「dai」
Under that name it became known to the merchants of Europe who are first in this part of China
歐洲人在福建第一次聽說「茶」,就是叫dai
But tea in those regions really means boiled water, kaishui
但是茶最初的意思是「開水」
But you can not add all kinds of herbs, leaves, decoctions
當然 不是隨便什麼花花草草都可以煮
that have healing properties,
有的有治療功效,
who have thirst quenching properties, who have stimulating properties
有的解渴,有的可以使人精神興奮
And you can』t make all kinds of teas
也不是什麼東西都可以用來做茶
Tea becomes a refined culture
這樣 茶就成了一種高雅文化
It became something that China expert
成了中國人的專長
In the first place it becomes the national drink
首先它成為國人都喜歡的飲品
That does the way with the satisfaction of alcohol
可以帶來與酒相同的滿足感
One of the reasons china became such very a populous nation
中國人之所以成為一個人口眾多的國家
Is because it starts drinking tea
就是因為中國人開始喝茶
One of the reasons Chinese became so important and wealthy
中國之所以變得如此富饒
and expanded so much first in southern Asia then all over the world
幅員遼闊 版圖從南亞向世界擴張
was because of tea
就是因為茶
We』ll come back to that
我們稍後再講原因
Here as the symbol of Chinese culture and Chinese tea culture are the most magnificent tea cups ever made
這是最精美的茶杯,是中國文化和中國茶文化的象徵
They are from 10th and 11th century
這些茶具是公元10世紀和11世紀的
They are from the Northern Song period
中國的北宋時期
They were exported; they were taken by Zen monks from Japan
茶具出口到日本,日本的禪僧買下它們
And was used in the Japanese tea ceremony
並在茶道中使用
In Japan, these bowls from northern Fujian;
這些茶碗來自福建北部
They called them in Japan temucu
在日本叫做temucu
Until today, the most surprised national treasures
直到現在,還被視為國寶
During this important period,
在這個重要時期
of what was already some kind of modern China
中國已經出現了近代中國的端倪
Who knew already printing, who knew already guns, who know already high sea navigation
已經擁有了印刷術,製造火藥槍支,進行遠航
A new market economy took place
同時 新型的市場經濟也開始出現
Mutil-cooperation and craft skills developed
開始有了合作公司和新的技術
The Chinese state as time that issued paper money
中國那時開始發行紙幣
That did not devalue for 300 years
300以來從未貶值
I yet have to say any European state was capable of doing that
到現在也沒有一個歐洲國家能夠做到這一點
Merchant banks and check issuing companies flourished
商業銀行和支票發行公司蓬勃發展
The state following the Taoist principle of
在道教思想的影響下
Free enterprise and non-intervention actively encouraged trade
中國奉行自由企業和不干涉政策極大的促進了貿易的發展
First China became the first manufacturing
中國第一次成為世界第一的製造大國
and trading nation in the world
和貿易大國
Some place it finds back today
就像現在的中國一樣
Also during this period
也是在這一時期
The large Jewish community settled in the capital Kaifeng
大批猶太人在開封定居
Here is the synagogue of Kaifeng
這是開封的猶太教會堂
Of course it』s built in Chinese style
當然了 建築風格是中式的
And this is one of the famous Kaifeng Torah
這是著名的開封猶太聖經中的一本
The Five Books
地位相當於中國的五經
Jews were never discriminated against in China
猶太人在中國從未受到歧視
They were never persecuted
也從未受到迫害
But they were so much molded into Chinese culture
但是他們幾乎被中國文化同化
Except for their own ways of worship
除了保留了朝拜模式
And the continuous reading of their holy books
和自己的聖經以外
They became just Chinese like anyone else
他們同其他的中國人沒有什麼區別
This great and very refined empire was conquered by Genghis Khan
有著高雅文化的宋朝被成吉思汗所征服
By the Mongols, who conquered the whole then known civilized world
蒙古人打敗了當時所有的文明世界
From Korea unto Poland, and the Balkan states
領土從朝鮮半島到波蘭,到巴爾幹半島
They founded Bejing, Peking, the place we are now here today
他們建立了北京城 也就是我們現在身處之地
They founded Peking as the capital of world
北京那時是世界的首都
They founded it, they didn』t live in it
蒙古人建立了北京城 卻不在城裡住
They don』t want to abandon their yurts
他們捨不得自己的蒙古包
They built beautiful the first imperial palace
儘管建造的宮殿十分華美
The place you』ll visit this afternoon
你們今天下午將要看到的宮殿
Was first built by them
最初是蒙古人修建的
They didn't want to live in it
但是他們卻不住
They just planned their yurts in the middle of Chinese buildings
只是想把蒙古包安插在各殿堂之間
But they liked to create China as the middle kingdom,
但是蒙古人喜歡讓中國成為一個統一的帝國
not any longer as a congregation, as the united states,
而不是作為鬆散的聯邦
but as the center of the world, the center of 「Tianxia」, of whatever is under heaven
元大都是世界的中心,「天下」萬物的中心
Coleridge You may remember wrote this poem
你們或許記得科立芝的這首詩
「In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
忽必烈汗在上都曾經
A stately pleasure dome decree:
下令造一座堂皇的安樂殿堂
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
這地方有聖河亞佛流奔
Through caverns measureless to man
穿過深不可測的洞
Down to a sunless sea」
直流入不見陽光的海洋
It was imagined by Coleridge
這是科立芝想象的圖景
He meant of course Bejing
「上都」指的是北京
This is a model of how the imperial palace looked at that time
這是當時皇宮的模型
Built by Kublai Khan in 1275
由忽必烈在1275年建立
But in fact Xanadu is not the name of Bejing
但事實上上都並不是現在的北京
It is the northern Mongo capital, a bit more to the north
是蒙古北部的首都 比北京往北
But he confounded both
科立芝搞混了
We don』t care,
但是這並不重要
I mean the poem is beautiful and it expresses the fascination of the west with Chinese culture
這首詩意境優美,反映了西方對中國文化的迷戀
So when the Italian merchant Marco Polo in that same period visited China
所以當義大利商人馬可波羅來到中國時
He found a place far more technologically advanced than anywhere in western Europe
他看到的是一個技術上遙遙領先於西方的國家
Here you have Marco Polo, an imagined painting of him
這就是馬可波羅的畫像
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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:51 | 只看該作者
and the way he went to China overland
他從陸路進入中國
And returned by the sea route
走水路離開
It rebuilt china and as the symbol of China
它重塑了中國的形象
It rebuilt the Great Wall as the separation that marks the civilization from what is not so civilized in Chinese eyes.
萬里長城是文明和非文明分界點
The Great Wall still exits,
長城一直留存至今
the Great Wall you will see today during your visit in China or next time is built by the Ming dynasty,
今天下午大家將要看到的長城是明朝修建的
It』s an incredible feat of technology and of work
這是技術和技藝的壯舉
but it』s also something that exits
留存至今的豐功偉績
Not only in concrete stone and in line
偉大的不僅僅是堆砌起來的石塊
but also mentally
更是長城精神
There is a Great Wall of China
中國建築了萬里長城
Should we breach it or should we respect it?
我們應該違背這一點還是尊敬這一點?
I think we should respect it.
我認為我們應該尊敬它
That fact it has not been respected
但是事實並不是如此
This wish of China to remain itself throughout changes
中國希望在變化中保持不變
Is something that is going to influence the history of China
這一點在歷史中發揮著重要影響
I am going to talk about it now.
我們現在就來談談這一點
The first westerner, foreboder, bringer of good tidings and also less good was Matteo Ricci of the Associate』s 「Yesu」, the Jesuit
來自西方的利瑪竇,給中國帶來好消息和壞消息的耶穌會信徒
He was the first westerner, unlike Marco Polo, who really learned Chinese,
是第一個真正學習古代漢語和古典文化
who learned classical Chinese,
第一個真正接觸中國古典文化的西方人
who came to contact with classical culture.
這是他與馬可波羅的區別
and who for the first time introduced Confucianism to the west
他還第一次把儒教介紹給了西方
He spent 28 years in China and died in Bejing,
利瑪竇在中國生活了28年 在北京去世
where his tombs still can be found
他的墳墓至今仍在北京
Shortly after the visit, the life of Matteo Ricci in China,
利瑪竇死後不久
the last dynasty, the Qing dynasty,
就是中國的最後一個朝代 清朝
who not really of Chinese origin,
清朝的建立者並不是中原人士
but of Nvzhen from northern China,
而是中國北部的女真族
we now call them the national minorities,
也就是現在說的少數民族
the Manchus took power and reigned China from 1644 to 1911
滿族他們統治著1644年至1911年的中國
This is dynasty marks the beginning of Chinese decline,
清朝標誌著中國的衰落
the beginning of foreign encroachment
外國勢力的入侵
China was then imposed upon in various ways
中國那時飽受壓迫
and has to relinquish part of his sovereignty
被迫要放棄一部分主權
Through the so called unequal treaties
通過簽訂不平等條約
where foreign powers took but not give anything in return
中國的土地和財產幾乎是拱手相讓給西方列強
But at the same time this forceful opening of China
但是中國同時也被迫打開了國門
favored the export of Chinese goods to Europe but also to America
中國的商品出口到歐洲和美國
Where people greatly prized Chinese products and manufactured goods
受到高度評價和歡迎
Also at the same time
同時
Chinese culture and science spread to the west
中國的文化和技術也傳播到西方
The first book that mentions Confucianism,
第一本提到儒教的書
that really is a treaty on Confucianism is called the Morals of Confucius
《儒家道德》 一本關於儒教的協約
by a Chinese philosopher published in London 1641
是由一位中國哲學家1641年在倫敦出版的
And the great minds of Europe at that day like Leibniz
歐洲偉大的哲學家萊布尼茨
In someway the father of today』s digitalization and computerization
可以說是當代數字化和電腦化之父
was the greatest scientist of his time
也是當時最偉大的科學家
was greatly influenced by Chinese thought, Chinese philosophy
就深受中國思想、中國哲學的影響
Also Europe in a rage adopt Chinese art
歐洲還十分鐘愛中國的藝術
In stead of classical gardens, it adopted the Chinese gardens
歐洲的公園是中式的 而不是歐式
This is such a common feature we don』t even think about it
人們甚至都沒有注意到這一點
But our garden art is purely Chinese
但是歐洲的園林藝術的確非常中國化
and find its root in the Taoism visions of nature I just showed
並且根植於中國道教對自然的理解
It changed the perception of nature and space fundamentally in the west
它完全改變了西方對自然和宇宙的看法
Here you have the example of the Q gardens,
這是Q公園
the English garden as is later called built in 1762
後來叫做英國公園 1762年建立
But everyone was mad at China,
所有人對中國痴迷
Chinese paper, Chinese wall paper and of course Chinese Ceramics, Chinese porcelain
中國的紙、牆紙、陶器、瓷器
This is a corner of an apartment in Paris, France
這是法國巴黎公寓的一角
decorated in china style, le style chinois in 1770
1770年 裝飾成中國風格
And then you have export porcelain
中國那時就出口瓷器
My grandmother still had a cabinet of Chinese porcelain in her home in Holland
我的祖母直到現在在荷蘭的家裡還保存著一套中國瓷器
Where this kind of porcelain, this plate has the armories of my family,
這套瓷器上有我家庭的徽章
nota which means shipper
nota的意思是貨主
This is the Latin translation
這是拉丁語
was made on order 「 --- de command 」
這套瓷器是定製的
Made in China in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province
是在江西景德鎮做的
In the 17 and 18 century,
十七、十八世紀
you could write a letter to the east Indian company
你可以寫一封給東印度公司
They would take it to China
信會寄到中國
Then it would go to Jingdezhen
到景德鎮
Then the Chinese kilns would order your table service of 200 pieces,
然後中國的陶窯會按你的要求燒制整套餐具
with your armories on it
並把家庭的徽章也做在上面
Then they would pack it,
瓷器做好后包裝
then they would ship it,
運輸
then you would get it back in Amsterdam
然後你會在阿姆斯特丹收到它們
It would take several years
整個過程可能要用幾年的時間
but not one piece would be missing
但是一片瓷器都不會少
Every body went about it.
每個人都對此迷戀不已
Kings of France in Versailles did not build the pleasure dome
住在凡爾賽的法國國王沒有建造娛樂式的圓屋頂
But they built Chinese gardens and Chinese theme pavilions
而是中國公園和亭子
This was Luise XVI, says: le petite ----in Paris France, you can still see it
這是路易十六,上面寫著:法國巴黎
Tea became the world』s rage.
茶也風行世界
Tea clippers raced to bring the new harvest of tea to England and to the US
茶商競相把豐收的茶葉賣到英國和美國
In every house you』ll find this puter tea canners
每家每戶都能見到---
Tea was expensive
茶葉很貴
But everybody drink tea
但是每個人都喝茶
Tea was a big invention, the big thing --
茶是一個很重要的發明
Tea also brought revolution, like the Boston Tea Party
茶帶來了革命 比如波士頓傾茶事件
And then finally tea brought war
茶最終帶來了戰爭
The balance of payment was so uneven
國際收支十分不平衡
The story of Rome buying Chinese silk repeated itself in such a cruel way
羅馬購買中國絲綢的故事再一次殘酷的重演
That the western treasuries were depleted by silvery being paid to China to buy tea
西方的財富都變成白銀滾滾流入中國
King George III, put one of his most prized statesmen George Macartney
喬治三世的派自己的親信George Macartney
to go to China as special ambassador
作為特使遣往中國
and leave no stone unturned and do whatever he took and spending and giving gifts to try to make some kind of agreement with the Chinese where china in exchange for tea would take western goods
讓他想盡辦法,贈送禮品,不惜一切代價與中國達成協議 希望能用西方的貨物交換中國的茶葉
So Macartney brought a royal carriage to Emperor Qianlong,
所以Macartney給乾隆皇帝送去了一車禮物
who said I have no use for such things
但乾隆說這些東西我們都用不著
We Chinese have all we need.
我們中國什麼都有了
Our culture is superior and we don』t want your foreign goods
我們的文化優越 不需要外國的貨物
So Macatrney, in the secret Memorandum said
這樣 在機密備忘錄里 Macartney寫到:
if you don』t do it, we』ll import opium
如果你們不給我們茶葉 我們就進口鴉片
The opium trade and here it is painted by one of the people of his office,
這幅畫的是鴉片貿易 是Macarney辦公室的人畫的
who escorted him here you see
就是站在他旁邊的這一個
Macartney kneeling before emperor Qianlong,
Macarney跪在乾隆皇帝面前
in a completely fruitless undertaking
徒勞無功
So the British started cultivating opium 「Bengal」
於是英國人開始種植鴉片
for the purpose of bringing it to China
目的就是賣給中國
In China then opium consumption, smoking opium was already forbidden
那時中國已經明令禁止了吸食鴉片
But that law was not respected
但是並沒有得到執行
It really served its purpose from the British and western point of view
在英國人和西方眼中 鴉片貿易的確達到了效果
It dramatically reversed the balance of payment of trade
貿易收支平衡得到扭轉
The amount of opium brought into China was approximately 2000 chests per year by1800
1800年 每年銷售到中國的鴉片只有2000箱左右
A few years after the mission, the embassy of Macartney
Macartney來中國之後
15 years later that number had risen to 100,000 chests
15年以後 銷量達到每年10萬箱
The Chinese treasury was drained
中國的財富不斷外流
and millions of Chinese became opium addicts
數百萬中國人稱為癮君子
Faced with intolerable situation,
面對這種忍無可忍的情況
the Chinese government reinforced the opium prohibition
中國政府加強了禁煙措施
and directed Commissioner Lin Zexu to enforce the ban.
並指派林則徐作為禁煙專員
Lin Zexu seized all opium that was entered into China illegally and burned them
林則徐收繳了所有非法流入中國的鴉片並且進行焚燒
That touched of the first opium war
這成為第一次鴉片戰爭的導火索
The first opium war ended into the first unequal treaties
第一次鴉片戰爭之後 中國簽訂了第一個不平等條約
For instance the linkage of Hong Kong to England as a composition
其中把香港割讓給英國就是一部分
In spite of many attempts to turn the tide,
儘管做了很多努力
the Qing dynasty went under through outer aggression to inner risings.
清朝還是陷入了內憂外患
The second opium war brought the western troops into Beijing
第二次鴉片戰爭中 西方軍隊進入了京城
where they destroyed quite near from here the western style palace, style of Versailles
摧毀了凡爾賽式的園林 那座園林就離這裡不遠
To the right you have the originals of the building and
右邊這幅是破壞之前的建築
to the left the ruins that left
左邊這幅是戰爭后的廢墟
Other rebellions like the Taiping rebellion,
起義有太平天國革命
the rebellion fought against opium and the polices of the Qing government was defeated
反抗鴉片和清政府政策的起義失敗了

As a result of the impoverishment of China and the unstableness of the situation
中國變得貧窮 局勢又不穩定

Many Chinese started to immigrate
很多中國人開始移民

They went to the US in great numbers
很多人去了美國

And worked to the building of the American rail roads
在美國當工人 修鐵路

Other attacks like the Sino-French war was the most ridiculous of all because
中法戰爭是所有戰爭中最愚蠢的

On August 23 in 1884
1884年8月23日

the French destroyed the Chinese fleet at Fuzhou the place where I live that they had initially helped to build
法國人在福州摧毀了他們曾幫助建造的中國艦隊,我就住在福州

And then comes the Sino-Japanese war and
然後是中日戰爭

here you see emperor Mizuhito with his ministers 這是mizuhito(明治?)天皇和他的大臣

all dressed in western clothes planning how to attack China
全都穿著西方的服飾 計劃攻擊中國

But in the mean time, a new tide was coming in China
同時 中國也出現了新的發展方向

And the lead of China, the Confucianism scholars
中國的領軍人物 儒家學派

Like Kang Youwei you see here
比如康有為

thought about the plight of the nation and how it could be saved from destruction
目睹國民苦難 思索救國良策

He befriended the young emperor Guangxu
他是年輕皇帝光緒的好朋友

And persuaded him to adopt series of revolutionary decrees for the modernization of China
勸說皇帝接受一系列變法措施

during the hundred days of reform
也就是「百日維新」

following the defeat of China by Japan之後中日戰爭中中國戰敗His efforts were then blocked by the empress dowager 「Cixi」
慈禧太后不支持變法

It came to nothing
百日維新最終失敗

But after the second opium war and
但是第二次鴉片戰爭后

especially the defeat of the Taiping rebellion you see here
尤其是太平天國起義失敗后

Great privileges had been granted to western missionaries
西方傳教士獲得了更多的特權

and the Chinese peasants rose up against that in so called 「Box of Rising」 of 1900,
1990年,由中國農民組成的「義和團」起義

which gave again the western powers the pretext to interference with China
給了西方列強又一個干涉中國的借口

and to launch another military expedition
開始了新一輪的軍事攻擊

Here you see the western troops entering into the imperial palace in Beijing in 1901
這是1901年西方軍隊進入北京故宮

In 1912, China became a republic
1912年 中華民國成立

From then on it stroke to take its place within the nations of the world
從此 中國開始努力恢復在世界上的地位

One of the first attempts that were made was to join in the allies in the first world war.
所作的努力包括在一戰中加入協約國

In 1917, China became the member of allied triple entente
1917年,中國加入協約國集團

on the condition that an end would be made to these unequal treaties at least for Germany.
條件是至少終止於德國簽訂的不平等條約

At end of the war, if the war were successful,
戰爭結束后 如果協約國獲勝

the German possessions in China would be returned to China
德國侵佔中國的領土將歸還給中國

That year in 1917, 140,000 Chinese were sent to France as labor corps,
1917年,14萬華工被派到法國

they dig trenches, many died in France
挖戰壕 很多人就死在法國

But when the war was over,
但是戰爭結束后

the Versailles treaties sealed the agreements between the allied nations and Germany,
《凡爾賽和約》讓協約國和德國之間達成了協議

the German possessions were not returned to China but given to Japan
德國侵佔的中國領土 沒有還給中國 而是給了日本

That was something that China could not admit, could not condole
這一點是中國絕對不能容忍 不能接受的

So here the very important date in modern Chinese history
所以 在中國歷史上重要的一天

May 4, 1919, a few days after the conclusion of Versailles Treaty
1919年5月4日 就在《凡爾賽和約》簽訂的幾天後

Students of this university staged spontaneously a demonstration on the Ti』anmen place
就是這所大學的學生 在天安門廣場舉行了示威遊行

to protest against what had been done
對做出的決定表示抗議

and how China had been spoiled his rightful claim of the German possessions in Shandong and his own sovereignty.
對中國的合理要求和主權遭到踐踏表示不滿 要求德國將中國在膠東半島的主權歸還中國

This movement sparked a whole nation wide movement of national renewal and national reconstruction.
這次運動在全國範圍內掀起了復興和重建的高潮

The second Chinese Japanese war took place from July 7 1937 to September 9 1949
第二次中日戰爭是1937年7月7日至1949年9月9日

It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century
這是二十世紀亞洲規模最大的戰爭

The war is known in China as the 「Kangzhan」
中國把它叫做「抗戰」

First of all until 1941, China fought alone
1941年以前,一直是中國孤軍奮戰

But after Pearl Harbor,
但是 珍珠港戰役后

the war against Japan became a part of the allied course
同盟國也加入抗日戰爭

After the Kangzhan, the Chinese communist party, who took an important role in fighting against Japanese, took over power, and the People』s Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1 1949.
中國共產黨在抗戰中起到了重要作用 抗日戰爭勝利后 中國共產黨建立政權 並且在1949年10月1日宣布中華人民共和國成立

This classical historical picture of Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the founding of the People』s Republic of China is known to all Chinese.
這是毛澤東主席宣布中華人民共和國成立的照片 每個中國人都很熟悉

The Chinese has stood up.
中國人民站起來了

The nation integrity was recovered
國家主權得以恢復

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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:52 | 只看該作者
Here we have the historical date in 1997,
這是1997年 歷史性的一天

the day Hong Kong was united with mother land
中國香港終於回歸母親的懷抱

I have come almost to the end of my talk
我的講座到這裡也基本結束了



I just want to take you a very short excursion to the place you are going to see this afternoon
我還想再給你們講講你們今天下午將要去看的宮殿
The imperial palace
故宮
You will enter here through this historical place
你們將會從這個歷史性的地點進入故宮
Where the People』s Republic was proclaimed
在這裡 中國人民共和國宣告成立
Where the demonstration of 4 May also took place
在這裡 「五四運動」示威遊行
Where the boxer rebellion was fought
在這裡 義和團義士拋灑鮮血
The Ti』anmen
這就是天安門
You』ll go in through this vast building
然後您們就走進了巨大的殿堂
Which is called the 「old palace」, 「gugong」
故宮
Which is still built on the same model as the imperial palace of Kublai Khan as the centre of world
還是在忽必烈建立的「世界的中心」的基礎上建立的
You will see this grandeurse stage of Chinese culture splendor
在這個中華文化的璀璨舞台上
But you will see no cannons
沒有大炮
You will see no military display
也沒有軍隊
You will see very simple, beautiful and grandeurse architecture
你看到的是簡潔、壯麗、莊嚴的建築
Of course compared to the Versailles Palace or the Louvre Palace or the White House
當然我是說跟凡爾賽宮、盧浮宮和白宮比
I mean the Imperial Palace of Beijing is absolutely incomparable
這些宮殿根比無法和故宮比擬
It』s so big
故宮很大
Please put on good shoes this afternoon
下午一定要穿上舒服的鞋子
It』s enormous and you will only see a small part of it
故宮太大了 今天下午大家只能欣賞一部分
It』s grandeurse but at the same time very simple
它莊嚴而簡潔
It was until 1911 the residence of the son of heaven
1991年之前一直是天子的居住的地方
It was imperial without being imperialistic
它有著皇家氣派卻並不顯得帝國專制
It was stern without guns
嚴肅但沒有槍炮
Beautiful but without luxury
華美但不奢華
grand and yet human
宏偉壯麗又不失人性
The old palace was intended for the great rites and ceremonies of the Chinese state
故宮本來中國進行盛大儀式和典禮的地方
this always remained based on the Chinese classics
根據中國傳統一直保留
so it looks outside very Confucian
所以它外表看起來很儒家
But in fact, in the innermost recess of the palace
但事實上,在宮殿的最深處
There is this room where the most important decisions of the state were taken
有一個房間 最重要的國家決策在那裡制定
Here we see an inscription above the tomb
這塊墓碑上寫著
Which says 「do nothing」
「無為」
A Taoist precept 「wuwei」
是道教的告誡
Do not interfere against nature and all will be in order
不要打亂自然的秩序 一切都會恢復正常
Or even more clearly
或者說的更明白一點
Adapt to the circumstances
隨遇而安
And also a little known fact
還有一點知道的人並不多
That at the very summit, the very apex to the utmost north place
在故宮的最北端
The most noble place in the imperial palace
故宮裡最神聖的地方
There is a Taoist temple
是一座道觀
It』s called the Taoist Temple of Imperial Peace, Qinangong
叫做
Because indeed between the two main ways of thoughts in China
確實 在中國的兩種主要哲學思想中
There is a higher king
都存在著一個更高的王
Confucius is the disciple of Laozi
孔子是老子的門徒
Culture is the disciple of nature
文化是自然的門徒
Natura antes agister

Together the union of culture and the union of nature
文化的統一和自然的統一
make the heaven and man,
讓天和人
Heaven standing for nature
天就是自然
The natural order are united
實現了天人合一
Together they comminute in the cosmic principle of –---yin and yang principle

Because everything always changes
因為萬物在變
Taoism in Chinese culture stresses adaptation
中國文化的道教強調的是適應
The highest good is to be like water
上善若水
Confucianism stresses learning
儒教重視的是學習
To study and to ever possible apply what you』ve learned is the source of joy is
學而時習乎 不亦樂乎
The first sentence of Confucian Analects
是《論語》的開篇語
Today everywhere in the world people learn Chinese
現在 世界各地的人都在積極學習漢語
Chinese food, Chinese medicine and Chinese self-cultivation practice are welcomed everywhere
中餐、中醫和中國的修身養性之道為世界各地所歡迎
Here is a picture in London
這是在倫敦
People start practicing Taijiquan
人們開始練習太極拳
My conclusion is that
我的結論是
culture exchange brings culture development
文化交流帶來文化發展
And only when we are willing to learn from each other
只有我們都願意相互學習
Can humanity enjoy peaceful progress
人類才能實現和平進步
Thank you very much
非常感謝大家

Thank you, thank you
thank you,thank you very much.
謝謝,謝謝,謝謝,非常感謝
I am very sorry I』ve been to long
抱歉我講的時間太長了
But just like you I am suffering from jet lag
但是我跟大家一樣 時差還沒調過來呢
I am just back from Europe.
我剛從歐洲回來
I am just a bit slow
反應還有點慢
I had a lot to say
我有很多東西都想講
I am sorry
實在抱歉
If you feel drowsy and feel like sleeping
如果你們覺得昏昏欲睡
You are perfectly excused
那完全不是你們的錯
But I hope the organizers will allow us a few minutes more
但是我仍然希望組織方能再給我們幾分鐘的時間
Because I very much look forward to hearing a little bit from you too
因為我非常想聽一聽你們的意見
This may be the one moment in your trip
現在 是我們暢遊中國文化的旅途中
that we can have a discussion with Chinese friends through me or directly
大家能夠與通過我與中國朋友交流 或者直接交流的時候
So to whom I gave the word first?
那誰第一個說呢
Who wants to say something?
誰想發表一下看法
Thank you
謝謝

First of all, I'd like to thank you for sharing your words with us
首先 感謝您與我們分享您的觀點
Whether you are new to the history or not
不管原先我們是否了解中國歷史
Your scholarly wisdom and scholarship have certainly enriched my understanding about China
您的智慧和學識大大加深了我對中國文化的理解
For that I thank you
我對此表示由衷的感謝


I just finished Simon Winchester』s delightful book,
我剛剛讀完Simon Winchester的引人入勝書
the man who love China
書名叫《愛上中國的男人》
Which is very much like the story your friend and mentor as you described Joseph Needham
他的經歷跟您的導師和朋友Joseph Needham很像
And his life long love of China and his research and scholarship here
書中講了他對中國的長久的熱愛以及他的研究和學問
From my academic perspective
從我的學術觀點來看
Much of that book dwells on the question as to
這本書大部分是在探討
why China over the last 400 or 500 years sort of lost its reputation, lost its way with regard to innovation
為什麼中國在過去四五百年中,喪失了世界大國的地位,沒能走上創新的道路
Much of the earlier story chronicles the amazing innovation,
中國早期的歷史 有令人驚嘆的發明
innovative history here in China in medicine, science and engineering
不管是機器、科學還是工程,都顯示著創新
But then prior to the last 30 years
但是過去三十年以前的中國
China seemed to have gone into a slumber
中國似乎沉睡了
At least that is the thesis of the book
至少這本書是這樣講的
I am gathering from your commentary here today
從您今天的演講中
that you believe much of that slumber or the period of decline
我覺得您認為中國的沉睡,或者說中國的衰落
might have been a result of foreign aggression and subjugation
是由於外國勢力的入侵和掌控
Is that fair to say that if not
那麼是不是可以說 如果沒有入侵
why did the innovation seem to shift over the last 400 or 500 years to Europe and the new world away from China?
為什麼過去四、五百年 創新的中心從中國轉向了歐洲和其他新興的地區?

Well, thank you very much for this question.
感謝你的提問
I can』t say I was looking forward to it but I am very happy
我其實沒想到會有這樣的問題 但是還是很高興有人這樣問
I of course have no clear answer
我沒有確切的答案
But someone I respect very much
但是有一位我很尊敬的人
And have been a far closer collaborator than Joseph Needham
我跟他的合作關係比Joseph Needham還有親密
is Nathan Steven
他就是Nathan Steven
Now working at the University of Pennsylvania
現在在賓夕法尼亞大學教書
He is still teaching although he has reached retirement age
儘管已經過了退休的年齡 但還是在教學
He has written very insightful responses to Needham』s famous question:
他對Needham著名的問題做了出色的解答
Why didn』t the scientific revolution take place in China or did it?
為什麼中國沒有發生科學技術的革命,或者說革命已經發生了?
Because in fact it』s far more complicated
因為事實情況非常複雜
Sure imperial decline,
帝國的衰落
that fact that the power of China was taken over by the Manchu
中國的政權為滿清掌握
who had not this high civilization background at the end of Ming
他們的文化水平還遠遠達不到明末漢人的水平
but was very much against it
也十分抵制文化
was very important
這一點對科學的創新來說有很大影響
the fact that Joseph Needham often says that
Joseph Needham經常說
when you want to make a career in China,
那時若想實現你的宏圖之志
unlike the Ming dynasty
與明朝不同
to be proficient, to be knowledgeable and to be innovative in technical and or scientific ways wasn』t answered any more
明朝所重視的科技上的精通熟練、創新發明已經不管用了
only the more fundamentalistic knowledge of the classics,
只有諳知四書五經
the reciting of the classics, the writing of classical Chinese
會背誦經典 會寫八股文
the literally skills opened the way to the office, to coming ahead and getting ahead in life
只有具備寫文章的本領才能高中頭榜 升官發財
that was major the discouragement for the fine arts spirits of the nation
這一點大大打擊了一個國家追求創新的精神
this is of course a message we have to ponder on
這個觀點確實值得我們思索
but it didn』t say,
但是 Nathan Steven並沒有說
and that is Nathan Steven』s brilliance
這也是他聰明的地方
It didn』t say that Chinese had any inherent or hereditary or linguistic
他沒有說中國有一種內在的、遺傳的或者說語言上問題
Because some people pretend that that is the question of language
因為有人覺得中國科技的落後是由於語言造成的
In Chinese language you could not think logically and so on
漢語不利於思考邏輯等等
Nonsense of course
當然是一派胡言
In fact this university now boosts so many Noble Prize winners
我們看看北京大學出了多少諾貝爾獎
It is of course already an approval
這種說法就不攻自破了
But what is more interesting is that
但是有趣的是
when the western science was introduced
當西方的科學引入中國
First of all by Matteo Ricci who brought Euclidian mathematics to China and translated it
首先是利瑪竇將歐幾里的《幾何原本》翻譯成中文介紹給中國
That is extremely welcomed by the Chinese as well as western astronomy
中國人像西方天文學家一樣歡迎這本書
Very soon they were better than their European mentors
很快 他們在這方面就超過了歐洲
And not only they were better than the mentors
不僅是學生超過了老師
But they made a very important distinction
中國還指出了一個重要區別
Because if you read Matteo Ricci』s introduction to Euclid
利瑪竇介紹歐幾里德時說
He says Euclid shows that the God is the great mathematician
歐幾里德說上帝是一個偉大的數學家
The great geometry
偉大的幾何學家
He planned the world
上帝設計了世界
He kind of mixed his own theology with what we call, well, just science
他把自己的神學和我們所謂的科學混淆在了一起
And the Chinese immediately saw through that
中國人很快就看透了這一點
They said he is trying to amalgamate two things that are both respectful
說利瑪竇把兩種都十分讓人尊敬的東西混淆在了一起
They didn』t disparage religion, no
中國人沒有蔑視宗教
But they said you can』t mix these things
只是說不能把兩種混為一談
One is a matter of believe
一種是信仰
And the other one is a question of demonstration of ---- thinking
一種是思想的表現
When Ricci still was in China
利瑪竇還在中國時
The thinker from southern China
中國南方的思想家
Lizhi, in Quanzhou
泉州的李贄
Wrote already famous commentary and said
就寫了著名的評論
This is fine
這樣很好


He brings all the science
他帶來了科學
We very much welcome it
我們十分歡迎
But the other thing you know
但是也帶來了其他東西
Is not that I don』t like it
並不是我不喜歡
It』s interesting, Adam and Eve, and the creation of the world
故事當然十分有趣 亞當、夏娃、創世紀
But we heard that already from the Arabs
但是我們從阿拉伯人那裡已經聽說了
We know that
我們知道這樣的故事
That』s some other way of thinking
這是另外一種思維方式
That is something not the same
是與科學不一樣的東西
He made the clear distinction
李贄把科學和宗教分開
So they did something at that time in Europe no one except for Galileo perhaps, was able to say publicly
在歐洲,除了伽利略,沒有一個人敢公開這樣說
So this is one of the many questions
這只是其中一個問題
And I think today…and sorry we won』t say the last word about it
今天就不全部講了
Anyway, thanks for you
謝謝你的提問
Any other questions?
還有其他問題嗎?

Thank you very much for your lecture
感謝您的講座
I enjoyed it immensely
我十分喜歡
This is not a question but I heard tea became very popular among the Zen monks
我聽說茶受日本禪僧的歡迎
because the caffeine content helped the Zen monks to endure the long chants
是因為茶里的咖啡因可以讓他們念經
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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-10 19:53 | 只看該作者
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2011-10-10 19:54 編輯

And especially the meditation.
尤其是打坐時
They are not supposed to sleep
不打瞌睡
So kind of ----between tea and Zen monks

That』s one thing I heard
這是我聽來的故事
My question is that sometimes Confucius teaching is considered as a religion
我的問題是有時人們把儒教當成一種宗教
And sometimes it is considered as a philosophy
有時是一種哲學
I am not playing the terminology, the semantics game here
我在這裡並不是玩文字遊戲
Is it really a religion or is it a philosophy
儒教到底應該是宗教還是哲學呢
How it is considered in today』s Chinese teaching?
中國現在怎麼看待這個問題

Well thank you very much
非常感謝
It』s a very important question
這是一個重要的問題
My friend Du Weiming from Harvard university
我的朋友 哈佛大學的杜維明
who is following the footsteps of Kang Youwei,
跟康有為一樣也是儒學家
I showed him in our power point presentation
剛才大家在幻燈片里見過康有為
These are modern Confucius scholars who think that China should have a national religion again
有一些現代的儒學家認為中國應該重新設立一個國教
And Confucianism is the answer
這個國教就是儒教
I respect their endeavors
我欣賞他們的努力
I wonder if it is realistic to think so
但是認為這並不現實
Perhaps I am a bit more conservative
也許我比較保守
I don』t think it』s completely doing what be called Confucianism
我認為這完全超出了儒教的應有之義
The thought of Kongzi as we know it as we can understand it through many versions of west sayings and commentaries
現在我們從西方著作和評論中了解到的孔子的思想
I don』t think it』s using justice to something very fundamental in China
並不能反映中國的本質
As I said, the Five Classics who are supposed to be the foundation,
我說過 五經被認為是中國的基礎
the Torah, the meshina of Confucian, that is the commentary elaboration,
是聖經-----,這是評論界的解釋
where all considered just as our own Pentateuch with the rites, with ritual, with worship, with sacrifice
認為像我們的摩西五書一樣,有儀式,有膜拜,有祭祀
What Kongzi did was to elaborate a system of thought
孔子闡釋的是思想體系
An explanation giving meaning to this religious form of the worship, behavior and so on
他讓所有的宗教儀式、行為都有了意義
He gave a new meaning to it
而且是賦予了新的意義
And the new meaning was that it all meant that you have to be a good person
那就是所有的宗教形式都是讓你去做一個好人
You should behave morally
人要做一個有道德的人
That the state should not abuse its power
國家不能濫用其權力
That we should love each other and help each other
人與人之間要互相友愛 相互幫助
That is the elaboration on the basis of religious practice
這是在宗教行為基礎上的闡釋
Much as in early philosophy like Decart
很像Decart這樣的早期哲學
Based his logical system on a theological background
把自身的邏輯體系建立在神學背景上
We see the same thing very early in China
中國很早以前就出現了這種情形
From the background of theological thought
在神學思想的背景下
A philosophy was born
哲學誕生了
Is it a philosophy?
真的是哲學嗎?
Is it just wisdom, sageliness?
還是僅僅是智慧、聖賢
I don』t think we should be subjective
我想我們應該避免主觀
There is some very philosophical way of thinking there
確實有非常明顯的哲學思維方式
And it』s absolutely clear that Confucius himself,
而且孔子本人
and that you can make up for anything that happened,
你可以隨便找一個事例
made a clear distinction between the practice of religion and his own thought system
也把宗教行為和自己的思想體系做了明顯的區分
So therefore
因此
Thanking you for your question
我要感謝你問了這個問題
I really think Confucianism is a philosophy
我認為儒教是一種哲學

Thank you for your class today
謝謝您的講座
Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
現在很多美國人認為中國將不可避免的崛起為世界強國
First you see the future of China
看到了中國未來發展的方向
And then what are the major challenges China have negotiate to get there
您認為中國在發展過程中有哪些主要挑戰?
What are the circumstance that might interfere with China eventually achieving that position
哪些因素會阻礙中國實現它的目標?

I am sorry you have to repeat because the resonance here is very hard under this roof it didn』t come over so could you reform it once more please?
對不起 請重複一下你的問題 迴音太重我沒有聽清楚 您能在講一遍嗎?

Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
現在很多美國人認為中國將不可避免的崛起為世界強國
Do you see that as the future of China?
您認為是這樣嗎
And what are the major challenges of China would have to negotiate
中國在發展過程中有哪些主要挑戰?
And what circumstance might interfere with China rising to that dominate world power
哪些因素會阻礙中國實現它的目標?

Yes, thank you very much
好的 謝謝
We see a rival in the world nowadays of what 100 years ago was called the yellow parrel
我們現在的對手 一百年前叫做------
There is some kind of idea
有人會想
Wow what』s going to happen?
哇 將會發生什麼
In France there was a statesman called Rouge Palfe
法國有一個政客叫Rouge Palfe
I don』t know if he has been much translated into English
我不知道是否有英文譯本
He wrote one book after the other when China stirs, the world will change when China wakens
他寫了很多書 說中國覺醒后 世界會發生變化
Napodium has said that too you know
Napodium也這樣說過
There』s some myth
現在存在一些誤讀
There』s some great myth
很大的誤讀
One is the myth that China is a big market
第一個是認為中國是一個很大的市場
you just have to walk into and you sell you stuff and you get rich over night
來到中國 賣出東西 你就能一夜暴富
Well, it isn』t that easy you know
當然 這可不是那麼容易的
China is a big market
中國是一個大市場
for people who know Chinese
但那是對懂中文的人來說
I don』t just think the language, but also the culture, and the people of China
我指的並不僅僅是語言 還包括文化和人文
People of China are not to be urged to rob
中國人不會---
and to manufacture goods for our sake
更不對為了我們生產東西
They are right to produce things they are also useful for them
他們當然有權利生產對自己有用的東西
I am sorry for saying that
請原諒我這樣說
There are things we have to learn still after all these things
經歷了很多之後 我們還有許多東西需要學習
The other myth is that China repents danger
另外一個誤讀是 中國是威脅
I don』t talk about ancient China
我說的不是古代中國
2000 years before it became imperial state
2000年前中國就是一個帝國了
But I have shown you the pictures of t he Imperial Palace
但是我給大家看了故宮的圖片
Is that a place of violence?
這是一個充滿暴力的地方嗎
Is that a place of aggression?
這是一個讓你感受到侵略的地方嗎
Is that a place stolen or conquering?
這是偷來的東西或是戰利品嗎
No
都不是
There is a Chinese way of expansion
中國有自己擴張的方式
It is misunderstood
這種方式被誤解了
When I talked about all those Chinese restaurants and all those Chinese students
我提到的那些在國外的中國餐館和中國學生
People are talking about the Chinese Diaspora
人們把他們說成是流落他鄉
Right?
對嗎
Well, get that notion of mine please
請大家不要誤解我的意思
When you have the Diaspora, like the Jews
我們說到猶太人的出埃及記
You have lost your country
猶太人喪失了自己的國家
But the Chinese in the United States or in Canada
但是在美國或加拿大的中國人
They are now so predominant in Vancouver or somewhere else
在溫哥華等地華人非常多
Anywhere in the world
不管在哪兒
They haven』t lost their country
他們都沒有失去自己的國家
They are part of global expansion
他們全球擴張的一部分
but in a different way from our capitalist expansion
但與我們帝國主義的擴張不同
Our capitalist expansion from our cooperation is from above
帝國主義的擴張是自上而下的
Investing a lot of money,
投資很多錢
sending high paid people patriots who need their purse their houses their special schools and all that
給那些為金錢、為房子、為了孩子上好學校的人付以高薪
Cost a lot of money
成本非常高
Is it effective?
但是有效嗎
Not really
不見得
The Chinese expansion is the Buddhist expansion
中國的擴張是佛教式的擴張
It』s from the under world
是自下而上的
It』s the poor guy
是窮人進行的
Who says may I come in
我能在這裡工作嗎
Nothing to eat at home
家裡沒吃的了
My mother is hungry
老母親還在挨餓
I come and earn little money sent back home please
我想掙一點錢寄給家裡
Ok, then he comes.
好 然後他就工作了
He does all the work others perhaps didn』t want to do like building those rail roads and did it very well
做的都是別人不願意做的活 比如修鐵路
They stand until today
他們今天仍然有立足之地
They work as very skilled workers Those Chinese worked on the American railroads
那些在美國修鐵路的華工 成了熟練的技術工人
And then they sent their children to school
然後他們就有錢送孩子去上學
And then they built, they come up from above
他們有了基礎 可以社會上層發展
That is kind of peaceful expansion
這是一種和平的擴張
I think we should all welcome
我想我們都應該歡迎
And together they bring culture
他們也帶來了文化
They bring food culture to the Unites States
他們給美國帶來了飲食文化
Was about time perhaps
假以時日
They bring another food culture, another way of eating
就會有一種新的飲食文化 另外一種飲食方式
It』s good for you
對大家身體有益

Ok, shall we call it a day?
我們今天就講到這裡吧
Thanks a lot!
非常感謝!
And have a good time in China!
希望大家在中國玩的愉快
Do not hesitate to write to me
可以寫信給我
My email address is on the internet site of the Hanban
我的電子郵箱在漢辦的網頁上
So if you have any questions
有問題的話寫信給我
Do not hesitate to write I will be glad to answer
我非常樂意解答
Thank you
謝謝


------------------------------------------------------------------------
施舟人教授簡歷 (Kristofer Schipper)


工作經歷:

  1962-1970年:法國遠東研究院(EFEO)研究員,台灣中央研究院訪問學者;
  1971-2001年: 法國高等研究院(EPHE)教授;
  1993-1999年: 荷蘭國立萊頓大學(LEIDEN)中國史講座教授;
  2001年至今: 在福州大學創辦西觀藏書樓。


學歷:

1954-58年: 巴黎東方語言大學(INALCO)中文專業。
1958-62 年: 法國高等研究院(EPHE)漢學博士。
1983年: 獲法國國家文學博士(Doctorat d'Etat ès Lettres)。


職務與榮銜:

  法國國家科技中心(CNRS)東方學主任委員;
  法蘭西科學院漢學研究所所長;
  荷蘭國立萊頓大學漢學院院長;
  2003:中國福建省友誼獎;
  2004: 法國榮譽騎士勛位;
  2004:中國人民共和國友誼獎;
  2008:」感動中國」國際友人之一。

主要學術成就與代表作:

  1960年代在台灣從事八年的田野調查后,應聘在法國高等研究院從事中國宗教史教學與研究,並於1970年代在巴黎發起成立了歐洲漢學協會,組織了當時歐洲漢學界最大的學術項目」道藏通考」。1979年起與中國大陸學術界建立聯繫,與北京大學侯仁之教授、中國社科院徐萍芳教授等共同組織了」聖城北京」國際漢學合作項目。受業博士弟子在歐美、中國大陸港台二十多所高等院校或研究機構擔任漢學教職或負責人。

主要學術著作:

  道體論》,原著法文,有英、荷、日、意等文本。
  《道藏通考》,原著英文,美國芝加哥大學出版社出版。
  《莊子》、《老子》、《論語》荷蘭文譯本,由荷蘭Augustus出版社出版。另有《漢武帝內傳研究》、《中國文化基因庫》等漢學論著十多種、論文近百篇。

-------------------------------------------------------
施舟人教授介紹(法文)
Kristofer Schipper

Diplômé de l'EPHE, 5e section (1962), licencié de chinois à la faculté des lettres de Paris (1961), diplômé de l'École des langues orientales (chinois, 1958 ; japonais, 1960) et ancien élève de l'École du Louvre (1957-1958), Kristofer Schipper est membre de l'EFEO de 1962 à 1972 et affecté à Taiwan de 1962 à 1970, pour y établir la première antenne sinologique. Il quitte l'École pour devenir directeur d'études des religions de la Chine à l'EPHE, Ve section (1973). Par la suite, il est de nouveau envoyé pour une courte mission par l'EFEO à Taiwan, en 1974, afin de recueillir des documents et veiller sur les travaux d'impression en cours. Il est docteur d'Etat ès lettres en 1983.
Formé par Rolf A. Stein et Max Kaltenmark, il est spécialiste de l'histoire du taoïsme. Dès son arrivée à Taiwan, il découvre ce que J. J M. De Groot avait subrepticement évoqué un siècle plus tôt : la religion taoïste vivante. Pour appronfondir cet aspect, honni à l'époque par les intellectuels chinois et ignoré de leurs collègues occidentaux, il suit lui-même une initiation de maître taoïste, qui aboutira en 1968 à son ordination. Grâce à cette « observation participante » avant la lettre, il mène des enquêtes sur l'une des dernières églises vivantes du taoïsme et réunit une masse considérable de documents originaux et de renseignements de première main. Désireux de guider les futurs chercheurs dans les labyrinthes du taoïsme, il dirige parallèlement l'établissement d'index d'ouvres taoïstes classiques. Résultat de son expérience de terrain et de son savoir, son ouvre majeure, Le Corps taoïste, décrit et analyse la manière dont le corps social (les participants aux rituels communautaires), le corps physique (celui de l'adepte pratiquant l'alchimie intérieure) et le corps cosmique (le corps comme macrocosme) sont imbriqués. Ses plus récentes recherches l'ont amené à s'intéresser de très près aux structures liturgiques de la ville de Pékin, dont les résultats paraissent, numéro après numéro, dans la revue qu'il a fondée en 1997, Sanjiao wenxian. Matériaux pour l'étude de la religion chinoise (Paris/Leyde, École pratique des hautes études/Center for Non-Western Studies).
Fondateur et directeur du Centre de documentation et d'étude du taoïsme de l'EPHE, il a été également directeur de l'Institut des hautes études chinoises du Collège de France (1987-1992), directeur du projet Tao-tsang, qui doit prochainement aboutir dans la publication, en collaboration avec Franciscus Verellen, de The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang. Il a été par ailleurs responsable de deux groupes de recherche du CNRS : « Bibliographie taoïste » (1979-1985) et « Pékin ville sainte » (1996-1999).

(Né à Järnskog (Pays-Bas), 1934.

Membre de l'EFEO de 1962 à 1972.)



Publications
1965
L'empereur Wou des Han dans la légende taoïste, Han-wou-ti nei-tchouan, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 58).
1965
Concordance du Pao-p'ou-tseu nei-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1970
Concordance du Pao-p'ou-tseu wai-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1975
Concordance du Tao-Tsang : titres des ouvrages, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 102).
1975
Le Fen-teng, rituel taoïste, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 103).
1975
Concordance du Houan-T'ing, Nei-King et Wai-King, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 104).
1981-82
Index du Yunji Qiqian, vol. 1 : Traits 1-8, vol. 2 : Traits 9-33. Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 131).
1982
Le corps taoïste - corps physique, corps social, Paris, Fayard.
2005
The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang, (éd. avec F. Verellen), Chicago, University Of Chicago Press.
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Schipper Kristofer Marinus
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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-17 05:56 | 只看該作者

Publications of Professor Schipper Kristofer Marinus (EPHE PARIS) :

本帖最後由 Love001 於 2011-10-17 07:08 編輯

施舟人著作:
Les Publications du Professeur Schipper Kristofer Marinus (EPHE PARIS) :












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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-30 08:40 | 只看該作者

《施舟人五經翻譯 感動中國》

本帖最後由 Love001 於 2011-10-30 11:13 編輯

一個好消息。見者傳之。感動之。鼓勵之。感恩這份無國界的大愛。意義深遠。




《施舟人五經翻譯 感動中國》




《詩經》、《尚書》、《禮記》、《易經》、《春秋》——《五經》是中華文明之源頭。中華五經,八種語言定本翻譯,國際學術工程。終於。

比起別國的經典,含義深邃的中國經典,在國際書籍視野中,幾乎不存在。因為直至今日,仍然缺乏系統的、學術的、優雅的外文翻譯。而這,並非是中國人自己能做得了的。

由於「歷史原因」,對《中華五經》研究與翻譯沒有引起足夠重視。不僅在世界範圍內的認知度還不高,而且至今沒有一套完整的適應世界各國人民進一步認識、學習中國文化需要的多語種譯本,個別經文只有英文或法文譯本,有的譯本甚至還是一二百年前傳教士翻譯的,零散而不夠準確。這種尷尬現狀,與中華文明之世界地位,與五經之深刻意義極為不符,非常令人遺憾。





《中華五經翻譯》國際學術工程委員會委員名單


工程總主持人:施舟人


名譽委員(10 位)

饒宗頤 (Jao Tsung-i) 教授,香港中文大學藝術系及中國文化研究所偉倫榮譽藝術講座教授

汪德邁 (Léon Vandermeersch) 教授,法國巴黎高等研究院研究主任

魯惟一 (Michael Loewe) 教授,英國劍橋大學漢學系

李學勤 (Li Xueqin) 教授,清華大學歷史系,出土文獻研究與保護中心主任

康達維 (David Knechtges) 教授,美國華盛頓大學東亞系

湯一介 (Tang Yijie) 教授,北京大學哲學系,《儒藏》編撰中心主任

杜維明 (Tu Weiming) 教授,美國哈佛大學東亞系

許嘉璐 (Xu Jialu) 教授,北京師範大學漢語文化學院,世界漢語教學學會會長

袁行霈 (Yuan Xingpei) 教授,北京大學中文系,國學研究院院長

朱維錚 (Zhu Weizheng) 教授,復旦大學歷史系中國思想文化研究室主任


委員(36 位)

施舟人 (Kristofer Schipper) 教授,法國巴黎高等研究院研究主任

伊維德 (Wilt Idema) 教授,美國哈佛大學東亞系主任

艾蘭 (Sarah Allan) 教授,美國達特茅斯學院中文系主任

安樂哲 (Roger T. Ames) 教授,美國夏威夷大學哲學系

白傑明 (Geremie Barmé) 教授,澳大利亞國立大學亞太學院

卡多納 (Alfredo Cadonna) 博士,義大利威尼斯大學副教授

陳德鴻 (Leo Tak-Hung Chan) 教授, 香港嶺南大學翻譯系主任

齊思敏 (Mark Csikszentmihalyi) 教授,美國威斯康辛大學東亞系

丁荷生 (Kenneth Dean) 教授,加拿大蒙特利爾麥基爾大學東亞系

包弼德 (Peter Bol) 教授,美國哈佛大學東亞系

戴卡琳 (Carine Defoort) 教授,比利時天主教魯汶大學中文系

杜潤德 (Stephen Durrant) 教授,美國俄勒岡大學東亞系

伊若泊 (Robert Eno) 教授,美國印第安納大學東亞系

葉翰 (Hans van Ess) 教授,德國慕尼黑大學漢學院院長

何志華 (Ho Che Wah) 教授,香港中文大學中國文化研究所

柯馬丁(Martin Kern)教授,美國普林斯頓大學東亞系

祁泰履 (Terry Kleeman) 教授,美國科羅拉多大學東亞系

李熾昌 (Archie Chi-Chung Lee) 教授,香港中文大學宗教系

李零 (Li Ling) 教授,北京大學中文系教授

李惠儀(Li Wai-yee)教授,美國哈佛大學東亞系

李集雅 (Tiziana Lippiello) 教授,義大利威尼斯大學中文系

梅約翰 (John Makeham)教授,澳大利亞阿德來德大學

閔福德 (John Minford)教授,澳大利亞國立大學亞太學院

裴宜理 (Elizabeth Perry) 教授,美國哈佛燕京學社社長

尤銳 (Yuri Pines) 教授,以色列希伯來大學東亞系主任

浦安迪 (Andrew Plaks) 教授,美國普林斯頓大學中文系

普鳴 (Michael Puett) 教授,美國哈佛大學東亞系

桂思卓(Sarah Queen)教授,美國康涅狄格大學中文系

李孟濤 (Matthias Richter) 教授,美國科羅拉多大學東亞系

夏含夷 ( Edward Shaughnessy) 教授,美國芝加哥大學東亞系

蘇芳淑 (Jenny Fong-Suk So) 教授, 香港中文大學中國文化研究所所長

斯泰格 (Brunhild Staiger) 博士,歐洲漢學學會會長

袁冰凌 (Yuan Bingling) 教授, 福州大學西觀藏書樓創辦人,國家漢辦特聘專家

樂黛雲 (Yue Daiyun) 教授, 北京大學跨文化研究中心主任

馬克 (Marc Kalinowski) 教授,法國巴黎高等研究院研究主任

胡司德 (Roel Sterckx) 教授,英國劍橋大學漢學系主任



TOWARDS A NEW TRANSLATION

The Five Classics are the Odes 詩, the Documents 書, the Rites 禮, the Changes 易 and the Annals 春秋. They are China』s oldest, most sacred books. For thousands of years, they have been the canons of Chinese culture, the very heart of its thought and the foundation of its statecraft. Formerly, they were learned by heart by all students. A thorough and profound knowledge of the Wujing and their exegesis was a prerequisite for all candidates at the imperial civil service examinations.
Over the centuries, the study of the Wujing gave rise to a vast corpus of erudite commentaries, philosophical interpretations and text critical editions, just as this has been the case for the sacred canons of other cultures.
This great tradition came to a sudden stop when the imperial examinations were abolished in 1905. Although the study of the Wujing was not abandoned, Chinese scholarship during the 20th century mainly turned to other aspects of China』s cultural heritage. Research on vernacular literature, on Buddhism and Daoism – fields that had been hitherto received little attention – greatly developed. Simultaneously, enormous advances were made in China』s archaeology. The knowledge of Early China, its history, its writing and its material culture, was completely renewed. On this basis, great strides were made in the understanding of the social and science history of later times. In consequence not only China itself has today greatly changed, but also our knowledge and understanding of its unique civilization.
As a corollary to all these new developments, the erstwhile so highly valued Classics have received far less attention. Only one of these sacred books, the Changes 易 has become internationally famous, whereas the others have entered into a relative oblivion. Today, except for a small number of Chinese and foreign scholars, most people do not know very much about the Wujing.
This neglect has certainly gone too far. As many young scholars in the field of classical studies have remarked, the fact so many ancient texts have been rediscovered these last decennia does not entitle us to forget the most ancient and revered Wujing. It is time that Five Classics finds their place among the sacred books of the great world civilizations. The Five Classics have been formerly translated and mainly in English, French and German. Most of these translations are very old, some dating from more than a century ago, whereas the knowledge and understanding of the history and culture have made enormous progress. Therefore new, modern translations should now be made and not only into the major Western languages, but in all important languages of the world. This is our ambition, our project and our great enterprise. Please help us to make it a success!
THE VALUE OF THE FIVE CLASSICS
One of the reasons that the Five Classics remain almost unknown outside China is because their value is not sufficiently understood. Although their importance in the context of world civilization is certainly not inferior to the ancient books of Israel (the Five Books of Moses, also called the Pentateuch) or the Four Veda』s of Ancient India, the Wujing are essentially different. The Sacred Books of Israel are traditionally accepted as the word of God as told to Moses. As to the Four Vedas of Ancient India, they are seen as to be not of the authorship of man, but of divine origin.
In the case of the Wujing, there is no such belief. They are not considered to be of supernatural origin. They rather deal with the human world and the natural universe. In the Songs are heard the voices of the people; in the Documents, we read the words of the ancient kings. The Changes reveal the structure of the natural universe. As to three books that now represent the Rites, they contain the words of the ancient sages for regulating the society and the government. Seen in this way, the Five Classics are to be understood as the fundamental texts for preserving peace and order in the world. As such, the Chinese Classics do not refer to metaphysics, but only to the human world. They thought is not seen as representing a religion, but rather as the basis of a philosophy. This philosophy can be said to be China's one of the most important contributions to mankind.
THE NATURE OF THE TRANSLATION
Until now, most translations of the Five Classics have followed the academic tradition. That is: texts were translated as close as possible to the meaning of the original Chinese, without much regard for the style and usage of the foreign language. Therefore the syntax of the translation often followed the Chinese syntax. Also Chinese idiomatic terms were translated literally.
A literal translation is not the same as a good translation. A good translation conveys more of the real meaning and also the literary value of the original. For this new translation of the five Classics, we aim at translating the texts in a way that the meaning is understandable for everyone and that the translated text is agreeable to read. Classical Chinese is very different from contemporary colloquial English. It is therefore necessary to understand the Chinese profoundly before adapting it in a flexible way so as to translate the meaning in a significant and easily comprehensible way that preserves the flavor of the original.
THE WUJING PROJECT
The idea of making a new translation of the five Chinese Classics into the major languages of the world was first conceived in 1979 by Jao Tsung-I and Kristofer Schipper. After having asked in vain for support from several academic and research institutions, it was tentatively put forward as a scholarly activity of the Library of the Western Belvedere (Xiguan cangshu lou) in Fuzhou but equally without success. . In the spring of 2008 the project was presented to the Confucius Institutes Headquarters in Beijing. After being evaluated by an ad-hoc committee composed of Chinese and foreign scholars, it was accepted by the above–mentioned institution with the undersigned as directing editors and with an international committee of scholars from China and abroad as advisors and supervisors.


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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2011-10-30 10:05 | 只看該作者
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2011-10-30 11:15 編輯

異曲同工。

李約瑟之親密戰友——羅伯特·坦普爾教授警戒貪婪!——《神諭》序            
      
       我很高興本書將要呈現在中國讀者面前。書的後半部分討論了中國漢朝以前原始的科學見解,並指出了它們今日在現代科學探索中的體現。   
      
      在我以前的《中國的創造精神》一書中,概述了中國人的發明和發現,說明了中國人是「現代世界」共同的技術創造者。在本書中,我回溯中國古代的原始科學思想,它在理性上是如此超前,著實令人驚嘆。直至今日,我們才充分領會中國在國家統一以前的這種真知灼見。中國的第一位皇帝秦始皇出於極端的愚蠢自大,把載有這些深刻見解詳細內容的許多著作付之一炬。然而瘋子有時也會看到保存這些有見地的專著的價值所在。因而秦始皇沒有把《易經》毀掉,這一偉大的經典著作得以倖存至今,所以我們得以重現其中所包含的那麼多深刻的科學見解。今日得以闡明《易經》的精髓在於了解結構的變化,得以闡明《易經》與中國古代使用龜甲和牛骨(今稱為「甲骨」)裂紋的占卜方術之間的關係。
       
      
      這些中國古代的觀念乃是了解整個現代科學——從宇宙學到分子生物學——的關鍵所在。要明白這一點,關鍵在於了解變易的基本幾何。這種「基本幾何」可見於物質世界的各個方面,在精神領域也可見到。我認為存在著「事件空間」,其中的事件具有幾何結構,這種結構遵循物質世界結構同樣的原理。儘管由於秦始皇的焚書,中國漢朝以前的哲學家和科學家的姓氏均無從查考,但他們所持有的變易的基本幾何這一光輝思想的證據卻保留在《易經》中。我認為,我雖然沒有能從瘋子秦始皇的火堆中找到這些哲人的姓氏,但卻從中找到了他們的思想,我把佚失了2200多年的寶貴財富奉回給了世人。當然,沒有什麼地方會像它的故鄉中國那樣重視它。
       
      
      我試圖為構建一個宇宙現象的湧現理論打基礎。我認為,如果能充分理解一些簡單的基本概念,我們就能統一對物質世界的各方面和超級空間(諸如「事件空間」)的現象的理解。古代中國人似乎憑直覺徹底深刻地感受到了這一切。通觀中國文化史,始終保持著對「空穴」的重視。我認為空穴理論對理解事物是絕對必需的。我在本書中對空穴的形成作了很具體的描述,空穴是有不是無。中國人具有接受這種觀點的天然傾向,因為陰陽的概念在中國人的觀念中已經流傳了數千年。中國人始終明白,靜與動同等重要,虧與盈也同樣重要,宇宙總是由兩者精妙地組織而成。如果我們考慮其幾何,這種組織的奧秘就會明晰起來。如果幾何不是表示事物間的,或事物與非事物間的關係,那又能是什麼呢?這就是我們需要了解的。因此幾何是不容置疑的關鍵。
       
      
      這種思想方法有許多含義,我沒有一一列出,否則篇幅就太大了。本書雖然談到了城市規劃以及在擁擠不堪的城市中出現的神秘空穴,但只是略微涉及人類交往中空穴的社會學意義。我早就憑直覺認識到政治上的涉外關係中「緩衝國」的重要性。緩衝國就是一種空穴。我在書中指出,對於龐大體系有益於健康的功能來說,空穴確系不可或缺,今日人們無何止地交往,他們之間缺少空穴,我為之不無擔憂。如果沒有一刻用于思想的寧靜時間(「活動空穴」),這個人的生產率就會降低,生活質量就會惡化。靜是絕對必需的,今日,靜已成為一種最難得的享受。
       
        現代生活存在著對人類造成威脅的諸多兇險因素。拋開已為所有中國人民所熟知的氣候變化、沙漠化、水資源短缺、空氣和水污染以及人口過剩等顯見的威脅不談,這裡我只想提請人們注意更難於捉摸的威脅。我指的是價值觀的墮落,它源於過分的商業化和對於財物的迷戀。中國目前正處於巨大的「消費激增」中。當然,一方面這是好事,它能使中國的經濟穩步繁榮發展。但是另一方面,它又充滿著危險,因為人們可能不再把比金錢和財產更重要的東西放在心上。作為一名西方人,我十分驚訝地發現,最有害的西方生活方式的特徵正在中國傳播流行。目下西方國家處於晚期社會與道德的墮落狀態。然而正是這種墮落,有在中國傳播並毒害社會的趨勢。貪婪乃是普遍存在的問題,數十年來,西方的貪婪一向甚於中國。目下,中國在經濟和技術上正在趕上西方,但願中國能遠離貪婪,儘管我不知道怎樣才能做到這一點。
       
        貧得無厭,腐敗愈甚,而腐敗最容易對社會造成破壞。
       
        這些看上去似乎與空穴理論無關,實則不然。空穴理論認為,無與有同等重要。人不可能擁有他想要的一切。最重要的是要避免飽和。一個體系總得有空同、空穴和間隙,否則就會過飽和,就會突然崩潰。這同樣適用於社會。一個市場經濟趨於飽和的社會,不可避免地會趨於崩潰。
       
         同樣,人們之問如果不留有一定的空間的話,他們就會精神失常。這已經為老鼠和其他動物的實驗所證實。
      
      空穴既可存在於空間中,也可存在於時間中。所以為人們酌留「思索的時間」間隙,對於增強其創造性及提高其生產率來說,是十分要緊的。試圖在公司內建立超嚴格的組織,讓工人終日疲於奔命,這樣的老闆是十分愚蠢的。工人的身心需要得到恢復,在日常工作中,他需要能夠集中思想。如果能在其日常活動和工作過程中酌留「空穴」,那麼他的生產率就會成倍提高。由此類例子可以看到「空穴理論」可有許多社會學的應用。實際上,「空穴理論」可適用於一切事物。
       
       時空中的緊密堆積,並非最有效的方法。在體系中酌留一定的空問,讓其得以「透氣」,這是十分要緊的。
      
       本書的最後一章「高序事件」即討論這一觀點。這些觀點是通過重建《易經》結構,由分析中國漢朝以前的哲學家和科學家的觀點直接得出的。
       
      
      本書前半部分的材料對於所有中國讀者來說,是完全陌生的(甚至連大多數西方讀者也是如此不熟悉!)。一半西方的,一半中國的,我力求對這兩種「歷史底面」,的內容有相稱的描述。我不想單寫西方,只要有可能,我總是喜歡把中國寫進去。這一神秘的「歷史底面」,涉及試圖通過諮詢神諭預測未來。通過研究可以說明,西方人於此沒有取得成功,而中國人卻取得了成功。我總是談論中國人如何聰明,因此惹惱了不少西方朋友。人們總是不大愛聽別人如何聰明,他們愛聽人家誇他們自己如何聰明。如果對一位母親大讚她鄰居的兒子很聰明,她一定會感到不快,因為你讚揚的不是她的兒子。她希望你讚揚她的兒子,而不是鄰人家的兒子。然而,事實就是事實。
       
        我希望中國的讀者能夠喜歡本書前半部分所描述的陌生而神秘的內容。不要說你們對這種西方文化根源的古希臘羅馬文化感到新奇,就是西方人,對此感到陌生的也不在少數。現今,在西方年輕人中間,了解古希臘羅馬文化的重要內涵的,可以說是鳳毛麟角。而在30年以前,還有20%左右的知識青年對此有相當的了解。這可以說明西方教育水平的迅速下降。事實上,西方教育已全然地、無可挽回地衰敗了。風靡於西方世界年輕人中問的,是全然的無聊和缺乏教養,他們甚至相互攀比誰過得更渾渾噩噩。他們只求知道得少些,而不是多些。我說的社會和文化的墮落,部分地就是指的這一方面。中國則不然。今日中國學術和教育競爭激烈,科學教育迅猛發展,其規模與經濟的發展相當。最重大的發展當然在科學和數學方面,因為大多數人都贊同發展這些科目。中國人有一種缺點,總是感到需要取得多數一致,他們害怕獨特性。結果往往造成創造性的缺失。中國學者對成為獨創者往往有所顧慮,因為這可能會招致眾人的評頭論足。怕失面子,這實在是個人創造性的一大障礙。
       
        在西方,沒有人會害怕失面子。他們根本不考慮面子問題。但年輕人卻會出於不同的原由而屈服於十分強大的社會壓力,以獲取社會的承認(社會學家稱之為「同位壓力」)。因之,我認為東西方之間的差別在於:中國人需要的是社會的尊重,而西方人需要的是社會的承認。二者全然不同。與求得尊重相比,求得承認是一種懦弱的品性,我認為贏得尊重遠較獲取承認為重要,所以說,西方人處理問題的弱點是真正的弱點。西方青年總體上渾渾噩噩,達到了無以復加的程度,嚴重威脅著西方社會和文化的繼續生存。未來中國較之西方的優勢必將與日俱增,因為中國青年是有教養的一代,他們一掃死氣沉沉,而西方的年輕人則反之,因而當這些年輕人逐漸進入企業和政府的領導崗位,我們就會發現:修養必然戰勝無知,才智必然戰勝愚昧,因而中國文化必然戰勝西方文化。但是,只有在中國人能夠防止西方的頹廢對其文化和社會的侵蝕,這一切才能實現。當然中國人必須保持傑出教育的高水平,這對於中國的生存和發展是頭等重要的大事。
       
        我相信,追憶本書中重現的漢朝以前的這些真知灼見,將大大有益於現代中國。讀者也許會對書中前半部分有關西方的材料不感興趣,然而我仍然勸您至少要讀一下,它的奇特一定會吸引您,為您提供樂趣。
       
        中國好運!我在中國度過了20多年,實屬人生一大樂事,讓我得以深入了解中國人民。我明白,我所了解的恐怕仍只是九牛一毛,但確屬彌足珍貴!
      
      
      羅伯特·坦普爾
      2008年3月11日
      
      
       作者簡介
      
       羅伯特·坦普爾(Robert
      Temple),美國肯塔基路易斯維爾大學人文學、科學史和科學哲學客座教授,我國清華大學科學技術與社會研究中心兼職教授,英國皇家天文學會會員,擁有梵語和東方學的學位。
       
       坦普爾出版著作10種,被翻譯成43種語言。他的《中國的創造精神——中國的100個世界第一》(The Genius of
      China)(原名《中國:發明與發現的國度》)由中國科學院組織34位專家翻譯成中文、並推薦給全國的中小學生作為課外讀物。1991年出版的《洞察萬物之人》(He
      Who Saw Everything)——《吉爾伽美什敘事詩》(Epic of
Gilgamesh)的詩體改編本,1993年在英國皇家劇院被搬上舞台。
       
       坦普爾的其他主要作品包括:與妻子奧利維亞(Olivia)合作的第一個《伊索寓言全集》(The Complete Fables of
      Aesop)英譯本,探討非洲多貢部落關於天狼星伴星的秘密知識的《天狼星之謎》(The Sirius
      Mystery),以及提示古代文明中有關光學技術史的《水晶太陽之謎》(The Crystal Sun)等。

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同是過客 發表於 2011-11-14 17:13 | 只看該作者
受益匪淺。
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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2012-6-22 13:36 | 只看該作者
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2012-6-22 13:47 編輯

饒宗頤施舟人KristoferSchipper五經翻譯感動中國。




簡介:
19-20世紀,人文科學領域,世界級學者雲集於EPHE PARIS同台執教、會聚一堂,可謂不多見。Levi Strauss、Roland Barthes、Fernand Braudel、Lucien Febvre、Ferdinand de Saussure、Raymond Aron、Pierre Bourdieu、Marcel Mauss、Gaston Maspero、Jean Yoyotte、Jean Bottero、Marcel Granet、Paul Demieville、Jacques Gernet……年鑒學派、結構主義、符號學、索緒爾語言學、莫斯社會學、埃及學、亞述學、漢學、閃學……群星璀璨。無聲的轟轟烈烈。華人中有程抱一、饒宗頤畢業或執教於EPHE。施舟人接葛蘭言馬伯樂之法脈。








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簡介:


施舟人教授學術評傳(英文法文原文)




1. 萊頓大學眾弟子紀念施舟人教授

In honour of Kritofer Schipper (Rik)


by HARRIET T. ZURNDORFER (Ph.D. Leiden University)

(Linked faiths - essays on Chinese religions and traditional culture in honour of Kritofer Schipper, De Meyer Jan A.M., Engelfriet Peter Mark [dir.]. Leiden : Brill, 2000, ISBN 9004115404)


This volume is dedicated to Kristofer Schipper, commonly known to friends and colleagues as Rik, in appreciation of his extraordinary accomplishments as a scholar of East Asian religion and history, and the way in which he has conveyed his knowledge to others. For those of us who have come to know him during his "Leiden years" (1993-1999) when he was Professor of Chinese history at the Sinologisch Instituut, he is remembered as a remarkable teacher with a genuine gift to communicate his erudition and keen sense of observation without pretentiousness or pomposity.

Rik Schipper was born in Sweden to Dutch parents in 1934. He spent his youth in the Netherlands, and after having completed his gymnasium education in Amsterdam, went to the Ecole du Louvre and the Ecole nationale des langues vivantes in Paris to study Oriental art and the Chinese language. Awarded diplomas in these subjects in 1958, he decided to continue his education with a focus on the history of Chinese religions; his principal teachers were Rolf Stein and Maxime Kaltenmark, former students of Marcel Granet. Both these scholars had defied the then conventional academic curriculum which divided the study of Chinese religions into "organized systems" (i.e. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism). Stein had for years been focussed on the "anonymous religions called popular," and Kaltenmark pioneered the exploration of unstudied texts of the Taoist Canon, including esoteric neidan 內丹 works. Under the guidance of Kaltenmark, Schipper wrote his doctoral dissertation "Han Wou-ti nei-tchouan: la vie intime de l'empereur Wou des Han," a Taoist novella of unknown authorship originating at the end of the Six Dynasties period, in 1962.(1).

In the same year Schipper went to Taiwan where he became a visiting scholar at the Academia Sinica, first attached to the Institute of History and Philology, and then the Institute of Ethnology. While nowadays it may be standard, or even mandatory, academic procedure for young researchers of whatever discipline to locate themselves in China or Taiwan for extended periods of study, in the early 1960s it was highly unusual for a young scholar of classical learning to abandon the library in the metropole for the unknown destinies of fieldwork. Schipper's personal agenda was even more unorthodox since he wanted to study the origins of popular religion while living with its contemporary manifestations, i.e. among the common people. In 1964 he left the comforts of Taipei and the Academia Sinica and moved to the south of the island where he resided for the next six years. His decision to relocate had been prompted in part by his fascination with the popular marionette theater which he realized had "profound affinities" with Taoist ritual.(2).  The theater was an animate tradition but one discounted by contemporary Chinese intellectuals. Schipper rightly surmised he could learn more about the basis of this ritual if he removed himself from disparagement, and created links with believers and their spiritual leaders.

Once situated in his new abode, the next phase of Schipper's Taiwan experience was to prove one of the most unique in the history of Western sinology. In 1968 he became the first Westerner ordained a Taoist master. This phenomenal development is all the more unusual if one realizes that at the time of his ordination Taoism itself was peripheral to "official" pronouncements on Chinese religion. As one historian of Chinese religion has written: "...it took an educated stranger from Europe to rediscover and immerse himself in a tradition that had become almost totally alien to contemporary Chinese intellectuals."  (3).Readers may recall that it was another Dutchman, J.J.M. de Groot (1854-1921) who, in Schipper's words, "was the first to use the sociological methodology which [was to] exert such an important influence on the study of Chinese religion in the 20th century." (4). But Schipper also reminds us that it was de Groot too, despite all his accomplishments, who had helped to pervert the Taoist vision in the Western academy. As de Groot had gained increasing scholarly recognition for his sinology, he misrepresented what he saw of Taoist jiao ceremonies and what he himself had written about them at an earlier time. (5).

Thus, in spring 1964 when Schipper arranged to see a jiao ritual, or more specifically, wenjiao ritual enacted for the prevention of epidemics and the periodic renewal of this regional celebrant community's confederation, performed over a period of several days, he was at once rejecting the cultural baggage of at least one Western predecessor and the negative view of contemporary Chinese academic authorities toward "folk religion." He came to realize that this was the first occasion that a Westerner actually witnessed the private "pure rites" of Taoist priests within a temple sanctuary.(6).  His four year passage to Taoist masterhood has been summarized by Norman Girardot as one of happenstance, bemusement, and not least, revelation. The first discovery concerned the origins of the written liturgy. Schipper observed that the celebrant priests' hand-written ritual manuscripts were reproduced texts of the Daozang (original 1445) dating from the nineteenth century (emphasis added). Since there was only a 1926 Commercial Press photo-reproduction of the original deposited at the Academia Sinica in 1949 and some partial reproductions in Taoist monasteries on the mainland, he surmised that the text in the possession of the priests was in some way related to another "living tradition" of Taoism. And to be sure, the priests confirmed Schipper's perception: these scriptures were in the possession of individual priests' family lineages. He was told that it was customary for priests during their apprenticeship to learn to decipher a text's esoteric terminology and then on the occasion of their ordination, to copy their family's ritual text which ultimately would be passed on to the next member of the family to train in the Taoist liturgy. And so Schipper found that the practices of this temple located somewhat to the north of Tainan were a legacy of the "age-old 'Way of the Celestial Masters'."

In autumn 1964 Schipper ventured into the next stage of his religious education: he had himself adopted by one of the priests whose jiao ritual he had witnessed the previous spring. While his earlier sinological training had provided the necessary linguistic tools for this kind of learning, it was Schipper's particular knack for recognizing the significance of these "popular traditions" for the broader vision of Chinese religion that contributed to the success of this project. His instruction went beyond the decipherment of difficult and rare texts; the learning of the "music of heaven," and bodily ritual movement, inherent to the Taoist tradition, became a major preoccupation. Participation in his master's ritual orchestra was further preparation for gaining command over each major liturgy. In 1968 Zhang Enpu, the sixty-third Celestial Master in direct descent from Zhang Daoling, ordained Rik Schipper a master of the Way.

The ordination ushered in another stage in Schipper's life. As a teacher and writer, he would guide others about the richness of Chinese religious life but without violating the trust of the Taoist traditions to which he had had such privileged access. Thus, as a Western scholar, but not a religious convert, Schipper chose to devote the rest of his working life to creating those tools by which others too might learn more about Taoism. To accomplish this goal, he returned in 1970 to Paris where he took up a teaching and research position at the Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes (Sorbonne) and founded the Center for Taoist Documentation and Study to which a growing a number of international scholars were soon attracted. (7). He also established the Daozang project, financed by the European Science Foundation, which shortly will see fruition in the University of Chicago Press publication The Taoist Canon: A Critical and Analytical Bibliography of All Works Contained in the Tao-tsang of the Ming Dynasty (in collaboration with Franciscus Verellen).

In the 1970s Rik Schipper began to publish a wealth of material, monographic and bibliographic, which gave ever more appeal to the increasing interest in his work. As Franciscus Verellen points out in his 1995 "State of the Field" essay on Taoist studies, Schipper's approach remained within the French academic tradition of the sociology of religion, in which the social, as opposed to the philosophical content of religion, is central. (8). He addressed the social impact of Taoism in studies concerning the affiliation of cult groups and temple networks, neighborhood cult associations, the Taoist ordination system, and monasticism in essays, appearing in such distinguished journals as The Journal of Asian Studies, T'oung Pao, History of Religions, or in collections edited by such well-known American scholars as Arthur Wolf. G.W. Skinner. David Johnson, and the late Michel Strickmann; later studies he authored concerned a wide range of social topics, including Mulian plays, and even the Qing Rites Controversy. In 1982, Schipper published his masterpiece, Le corps tao'iste: corps physique, corps social (Paris: Editions Artheme Fayard) which was to have six reprints, and five major translations (with the American edition in several reprints). Directed toward the cosmic corporeality of heaven, earth, and humankind, Le corps describes and analyses the ways in which the social body (the community of ritual participants), the physical body (the body as the object of "inner alchemy" practices), and the cosmic body (the body as a macrocosm) are integrated. What Schipper did here was to unveil the actual practice of Taoism--to make known the living faith of Chinese religion. In recognition of the importance of this volume as a major contribution in the field of China scholarship, the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France awarded Kristofer Schipper the prestigious Prix Stanislas Julien in 1984.

Since coming to Leiden, Schipper has directed his research efforts to the study of temples in Ming and Qing Beijing, a project entitled "Beijing, Holy City: Liturgical Structures and Civil Society" which he conceived before taking up his professorship here. His fascination with a city where at one time it was commonplace for Taoists to celebrate the Buddha's birthday, and the Buddhists to reciprocate with birthday wishes for Laozi on the fifteenth day of the second month is empathetic and effusive, as those of us with whom he has discussed this enterprise know so well. The rich religious life of the capital's residents is a topic once studied in depth by such great Chinese scholars as Gu Jiegang, Xu Daoling, Zhang Jiangcai, and one may say that it is entirely appropriate that
Rik Schipper is taking up where they left off. In the first installment of a new journal he founded, Sanjiao wenxian - Materiaux pour l'etude de la religion chinoise (Paris/Leiden: Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes/Center for Non-Western Studies, 1997), he conveys the first results of his research with an essay in which he argues that the guilds of Beijing's Dongyue Temple were a major focus of civil society; translations of three steles dating from 1560, 1591, and 1769 provide the documentation to the guild activities.

This brief introduction to the life, publications, and on-going research of Kristofer Schipper cannot do justice to a scholar with more than ten books (some of which are now in their sixth or seventh reprint), more than 50 learned journal publications plus countless newspaper articles, radio and TV interviews; one may also not forget the many Ph.D. dissertations for which he served as advisor. Suffice it to say that the depth and breadth of Rik Schipper's knowledge about China has touched his friends and colleagues here in Leiden in many ways and on many occasions, and thus the diversity of contributions here, we hope, will reflect his magnanimity and omniscience.


(1).   Later published as L'empereur Wou des Han dans la legende taoiste: "Han Wou-ti nei-tchouan" (Paris: Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient [EFEO], 1965).

(2).   See his article "The Divine Jester: Some Remarks on the Gods of the Chinese Marionette Theatre." Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 21 (1966), pp. 81-95; and his collaborative study (with Jao Tsung-i and Piet van der Loon), "A Manuscript Collection of Min-nan Shadow Theatre Plays." Occasional Papers of the European Association of Chinese Studies, 2 (1979), pp. 7-72.

(3).   Norman Girardot, "Foreword," p.xv in Kristofer Schipper, The Taoist Body (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993); original Le corps taoiste (Paris: FAYARD, 1982).

(4).   Kristofer Schipper, "The History of Taoist Studies in Europe." In Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on The History of European Sinology (London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995), p.472.

(5).   According to Schipper, ibid., pp.472-473, de Groot's description of the festival of Yuhuang shangdi on the ninth day of the first moon in his Les fetes annuellement celebrees a Emoi (Amoy) (1886; original in Dutch, 1881-83) may have been the first report in a Western language of this occasion. But, as Schipper writes, at the close of his Les fetes, de Groot characterizes Taoism as one of the "Three Religions" and thus divorces, and even worse, "bends" (distorts) his field observations from his written analysis.

(6).   What is written here in this paragraph and the following is based on Girardot,
ibid., pp.xiii-xv.

(7).   See Schipper, "The History of Taoist Studies," pp. 484-487 where he discusses the work of others.

(8).   Franciscus Verellen, "Taoism" in "Chinese Religions: The State of the Field (Part II)," The Journal of Asian Studies 54.2 (1995), pp. 322-346. See page 327.




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附,
施舟人北大演講《中國的歷史文化及其在全球的影響》
Chinese History and its Global Significance, by Kristofer Schipper
http://b l o g.s i n a.c o m. c n/s/blog_8eb465340100tp5x.html


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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2012-6-22 13:38 | 只看該作者
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2012-6-22 13:54 編輯


2. 施舟人——道體之復生

Kristofer Schipper and the Resurrection of the Taoist Body


by Norman Girardot (Ph.D. University of Chicago)


(The taoist body, Schipper Kristofer Marinus, University of Chicago, 1978, ISBN 0520082249)




"The Way that is sagely within and kingly without has fallen into darkness and is no longer clearly perceived, has become shrouded and no longer shines forth. . . . The scholars of later ages have unfortunately never perceived the purity of Heaven and earth, the great body of the ancients, and "the art of the Way" in time comes to be rent and torn apart by the world". - Chuang Tzu

It is ironic that the rediscovery, if not the full resuscitation, of the Taoist body—the "great body of the ancients" which was the cosmic corporeality of heaven, earth, and humankind—has come about through the work of a scholar of this later age. This turn of events is particularly surprising when it is recalled that in this later age, this dark modern era, the original country of the Tao has officially renounced its ancient ways in favor of an alien dialectic. In this sense, the "art of the Tao"—which depended on the primordial visions of such ancient Chinese wayfarers as Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu and the later revelations of the "Celestial Masters"—has surely been rent and torn apart by the world. It was, after all, the Chinese Cultural Revolution that sought to obliterate every remnant of the "superstitious" past.

Having fallen into an extreme darkness within the land of its birth, as well as having been largely maligned by Christian missionaries and almost wholly ignored by traditional Chinese dynastic historians and Western scholars, the ancient way of the Taoist religion has, nevertheless, continued—albeit shrouded, dispirited, and germinal—at the margins of the contemporary Chinese world. Hidden amidst the everyday ways of Chinese people peripheral to both the People's Central Kingdom and the modern industrial world of the Chinese diaspora, the insular corporation of the Taoist religion has started to reveal itself publicly to the whole world just when it seemed that it had totally expired. The special, though perhaps fitting, curiosity of this unexpected occurrence is that the public manifestation of the Taoist religion in the modern world is due to the fortuitous discoveries of Kristofer Schipper, a young Dutch scholar trained in Paris who had been working and living on the island of Taiwan in the 1960s.

While acknowledging the importance of Japanese scholarship and pioneering French scholars like Henri Maspero, Max Kaltenmark, and Rolf Stein, it may be said that the actual study of the Taoist religion, as distinct from the scholarly fetish for the "philosophical Taoism" of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu, is almost entirely an accomplishment of the latter half of the twentieth century and stems in large measure from Kristofer Schipper's findings in Taiwan in the sixties. For this reason, it is worthwhile recounting some of the story of Schipper's initial involvement with, and public unveiling of, the living Taoist religion. It is, moreover, a story that provides some of the essential background for appreciating the empathetic quality, authoritative nature, and synthetic breadth of Schipper's The Taoist Body. Indeed, it may be said that The Taoist Body, most of all, represents the cumulative digest of Schipper's more than twenty years of experience with, and reflection on, the Taoist vision of life.

A number of semi-popular works on the Taoist religion that are written from the standpoint of Western scholarship have appeared in recent years (notably, Isabelle Robinet's Meditation taoiste, 1979, and John Lagerwey's Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History, 1987; there are, of course, several important Japanese introductory works by Yoshioka Yoshitoyo and Kubo Noritada), but they have been focused on particular aspects of the tradition and, either direcdy or indirecdy, are indebted to the interest in Taoist studies stimulated by Schipper's original experiences in Taiwan and his ongoing work in Paris. It is in this sense that Schipper's The Taoist Body is still the only work in any language that can be considered a general guide to the actual practice, sociological significance, and symbolic meaning of the Taoist liturgical tradition.

To start at the beginning, it may simply be said that the earliest phases of Kristofer Schipper's scholarly career in Paris were conventionally focused and respectably distinguished. Thus, after an initial concern with Oriental art, he turned in 1958 to the study of the history of Chinese religions under the tutelage of Max Kaltenmark and Rolf Stein, two great exponents of the French sinological passion for technical precision and interpretive breadth (primarily from the sociological perspective of Marcel Granet and L'Annee Sociologique). During this same period at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, he was also influenced by a number of brilliant French scholars in related fields—especially Paul Demieville in Buddhology, Jacques Gernet in Chinese history, Andre Leroi-Gourhan in ethnology, and Roger Bastide in the general history of religions.

It was, however, only after Schipper's dutiful completion of his Ecole Pratique diploma (which resulted in a significant work of textual analysis devoted to the Han Wu-ti nei-chuan, a Taoist novella of unknown authorship dating to the end of the Six Dynasties period) that the real turning point in his sinological destiny came about. It was, therefore, in 1962 that he decided, following the advice of Rolf Stein, to step outside the confines of the Parisian libraries and embark, as a member of the Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient, upon a period of ethnographic fieldwork on popular religion in Taiwan.

After several discouraging years on Taiwan, while associated with the Academia Sinica near Taipei (the official Chinese academic establishment on Taiwan) and while studying the popular marionette theater (which had, he was quick to learn, profound affinities with Taoist ritual), Schipper decided to forsake official academic prerogatives and the formal procedures of ethnographic observation in order to conduct his studies of popular tradition while living within, and as a part of, the "real country" of the common people.

This decision was partially due to his frustrations with the inability of Chinese intellectuals at the Academia Sinica to take their own popular traditions seriously—even to know or to admit that such traditional folk forms as the marionette theater continued in contemporary Taiwan. But equally important for his resolve to go underground were the problems he had in playing the role of the ethnographic observer whose very presence, research apparatus, and methods of bartered information tended to influence the phenomenon under investigation. In fact, it was this "destruction du terrain," which he observed while studying the marionette theater, that directly prompted Schipper's decision to leave his official life as a research scholar in Taipei and go to the south of Taiwan to live, as the Taoist saying goes, "hidden among the people."

In the spring of 1964, after having established himself on the south side of the island and not having any particular scholarly agenda in mind, Schipper was invited by a Chinese friend to an important Taoist community ritual (generically a chiao ritual, an offering and banquet, or more specifically in this case, a wen-chiao, enacted in a multi-year cycle for the prevention of epidemics and the renewal of this regional group of confederated communities) performed over a period of several days in a temple somewhat to the north of the city of Tainan. It was this chance occurrence that was the formative moment in Schipper's career and, as proved to be the case, a significant threshold event in the scholarly understanding of the Taoist religion.

Other Westerners had observed various public celebrations associated with this kind of ritual—as, for example, is seen in the work of J. J. M. de Groot, an earlier Dutch scholar who described, at the turn of the century, what he called the "Wuist" or quasi-shamanistic rituals of South China (see vol. 6 of de Groot's The Religious System of China; and John Lagerwey's comments in his Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History, pp. ix-x). But no outsider until Kristofer Schipper, it seems, had witnessed, accurately described, or sympathetically appreciated the private "pure" rites of the Taoist priests (or "masters"/"adepts"/"teach-ers" of the Tao—i.e., tao-shih) that took place within a temple sanctuary.

Alternately fascinated and bored by the intricate and lengthy ritual spectacle that unfolded before him, Schipper initially reacted in a way that was in keeping with the prevailing consensus of academic scholarship at that time. While realizing the inadequacies of his formal scholarly training for appreciating what he was seeing in the field, he could not help but feel that the performance manifested only a hopelessly degenerate modern version of the "true" Taoist tradition that claimed the hoary ancestry of the mystical philosophy of Lao Tzu and the later revelations of the first Celestial Master, Chang Tao-ling. How, he asked himself, could any authentic aspect of the ancient lineage of Lao Tzu and Chang Tao-ling be preserved in such an unlikely place in the last half of the twentieth century?

The first hint toward an answer to Schipper's bemusement came when, during a pause in the ritual proceedings, he was able to peruse one of the celebrant priests' ritual manuscripts and was astonished to discover that it was a liturgical text transcribed in the early nineteenth century. It was, moreover, a manuscript that clearly reproduced canonical texts found in the ancient Taoist scriptural corpus known as the Tao Tsang (a compendium of over one thousand works from various historical periods, over half of which are liturgical texts).

What was incredible about this discovery was that the Taiwanese priest's calligraphic manuscript could not have been directly copied from the Tao Tsang itself since the printed edition of the Taoist scriptures was only available on Taiwan after 1949 (i.e., a copy of the 1926 Commercial Press edition published in Shanghai that had been deposited at the Academia Sinica). From the time of its fourth and last official Ming dynasty printing in 1445 until its photoreproduction in 1926, the Tao Tsang was, aside from its existence in a very few mainland Taoist monasteries, largely an unknown and inaccessible work. In nineteenth-century pre-revolutionary China, it was certainly not available to the married Taoist clergy of the Celestial Masters tradition living in villages and towns throughout the countryside.

As was verified by Schipper's Taoist master, the liturgical manuscripts used in the rituals had not been copied from a printed edition of the Taoist canon, but depended upon a living tradition of textual transmission kept within a priest's family lineage. As a general rule, it was only at the time of a new ordination that a family's ritual texts were recopied and passed on to the next generation. These manuscripts were, moreover, the exclusive and secret property of the ordained priest whose lengthy apprenticeship gave him the ability to decipher the text's highly technical esoteric terminology.

Schipper's initial insights into the contemporary practice of religious Taoism, along with his preliminary verification that the priest's hand-copied manuscripts actually replicated the ancient printed texts of the Tao Tsang, led to the realization that the age-old "Way of the Celestial Masters," ultimately dating back to the revelations of Chang Tao-ling in A.D. 142, was still a coherent living tradition within this obscure community in modern-day Taiwan. Given the vicissitudes of Chinese history, especially with respect to the fortunes of traditional Chinese religion in the modern period, this continuity was, to say the least, truly remarkable.

Perceiving that these latter-day Taiwanese priests possessed the key to understanding the technical vocabulary of the canonical texts he had previously struggled with in Paris, and having developed an empathy for popular Chinese tradition so often spurned by Western sinological scholarship and contemporary Chinese intellectuals, Schipper decided that a real understanding of Taoism would require his own initiation into the esoteric lore of the tradition. He would no longer just study Taoism, he would undertake the path to becoming a Taoist priest.

Here it needs to be mentioned that, while Schipper's initial encounter with Taoist ritual was largely happenstance, his ability to recognize the significance of what he had found and to take advantage of this unique opportunity for understanding the religion of the people from the inside was not a matter of pure chance. His earlier scholarly training and linguistic facility had obviously prepared him to capitalize on these discoveries, but even more important was his self-found respect for the popular tradition and his integration into the daily life of the common people.

It was, then, in the autumn of 1964, after having been adopted into the family of the priest who had been the chief celebrant of the chiao he had witnessed in the spring, that Kristofer Schipper started his formal apprenticeship as a tao-shih. In the years that followed, this young Dutchman, who had previously trained in Paris with some of the greatest European adepts of sinological lore, became the first Westerner to learn the secret oral tradition and ritual methods of the Taoist masters.

Learning the ways of a Taoist priest was, as Schipper discovered, essentially in keeping with the Lao Tzu's ancient description of the sage who is "concerned with the belly, not with the eyes." His training, in other words, was not directly concerned with the intellectual decipherment and understanding of the Taoist scriptures, but was centered on the practical mastery of performing liturgical forms. Knowing the rhythmic ways of the Tao in the human world was, in this sense, a theatrical and musical craft that involved the gradual tuning of his body to a complicated system of physical movements, gestures, sounds, and words. Most of all, as Schipper says, the Master never tried to "explain the meaning" of what they were doing.

Thus, it was in the spirit of the Yellow Emperor's method of learning to perform the "music of heaven" (see the Chuang Tzu, chap. 14) that Schipper, at first, played a small gong in his Master's ritual orchestra and helped in the preparation of the temporary sacred area that was constructed for each major liturgy. He eventually graduated to the flute, to the role of acolyte in charge of incense, and finally to the position of cantor. The culmination of his training, and a verification of his embodiment of the ritual ways of the Tao, came in 1968 when he was officially ordained as a Taoist priest by Chang En-pu, the sixty-third Celestial Master in direct descent from Chang Tao-ling. After four years of intense practice, Kristofer Schipper had become the first Western master of the sequestered liturgical arts of the Way.

There is perhaps something strangely appropriate in the fact that it took an educated stranger from Europe to rediscover and immerse himself in a tradition that had become almost totally alien to contemporary Chinese intellectuals. The Taoist tradition's affinity for a kind of ambiguous peripherality as related to all forms of the official world—which includes traditional Chinese imperial bureaucrats, PRC party officials, and KMT politicians, as well as Confucian scholars, Christian missionaries, and modern-day sinologists—is nothing new. Indeed, one of Schipper's most important observations is that it is the ironic genius of the Taoist religion to serve essentially as the "official" legitimation of the "non-official" world of the people of the land, those who were traditionally the flesh and blood of the "real country" of China.

This is, then, the story of Kristofer Schipper's discovery of the hidden heart of the Taoist body. It is not, however, a brief for Schipper's own Taoist hagiography since, as he tells us, a full apprenticeship as a tao-shih should properly involve some twenty years of training. But even more significant is that, while becoming a Taoist priest, Schipper never renounced his Western scholarly heritage. Though the esoteric side of the tradition would seem to contradict the demands of open scholarly inquiry, it needs to be understood that Schipper's ordination was not a matter of converting to some concealed set of dogmatic beliefs or of swearing an oath of total secrecy.



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 樓主| Love001 發表於 2012-6-22 13:41 | 只看該作者
本帖最後由 Love001 於 2012-6-22 13:53 編輯

The Taoist priestly office primarily involves the learning of ritual forms, the inner truth of which can only be known by and through each person's own body (which is, in fact, the meditative side of the liturgical art). There is no required faith in a collection of intellectual propositions or creedal "secrets" and, therefore, no necessary conflict of interest between Schipper's priestly status and his scholarly profession. It is in this way that Schipper's public revelations about Taoist revelation and ritual can abide by the strict canons of scholarship while not violating the trust of the Taoist tradition. It is, finally, the very nature of the Tao in the world to be open to multiple explanations and interpretations—as long as they are based on a precise knowledge of the actual performance of authentic ritual forms and scriptural formulas.

Schipper's scholarship has, in fact, always been respectful of the highest critical standards and of its privileged access to the living tradition. From the time of his ordination and his provisional report on his findings in 1968 (at the first international conference on Taoism in Italy), until the present, he has avoided hasty generalizations about his experience on Taiwan. After his return to Paris to take up a position at the Ecole Pratique in 1970, he was therefore preoccupied with producing, in cooperation with a growing international group of scholars, the crucial philological and historiographical tools for working with the printed Taoist canon.

This kind of critical research by Schipper and others is an ongoing enterprise, but inasmuch as it is addressed primarily to other sinological specialists, there needs to be a sharing, and a provisional synthesis, of the fruits of this work with a broader public. It was, then, some fourteen years after his ordination in Taiwan, and twelve years of technical scholarship in Paris, that Schipper published Le corps taoiste (Paris, 1982) as his first general discussion of the Taoist liturgical tradition for "le grand public."

As with all popular "explanations," The Taoist Body represents a provisional introductory appraisal of an exceedingly rich tradition that up until the past few decades had been the least understood, and most commonly ignored and maligned, of all the major religions of the world. There are, as Schipper himself indicates, still many historical lacunae in our understanding of the tradition, as well as ongoing problems of emphasis and interpretation. Granting all of this, The Taoist Body stands as a milestone in the history of Taoist studies and was duly awarded the prestigious Prix Julien in recognition of its significance within the overall field of Chinese scholarship. For the "grand public," it is surely the essential first step toward understanding the actual nature and significance of the Taoist vision as it relates to the liturgical tradition and the mystical philosophy of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu.

As a brilliantly provocative summation of Schipper's experiences in Taiwan and Paris and the growing scholarly recognition of Taoism's role throughout Chinese history, The Taoist Body has important implications, not only for a revised understanding of Chinese civilization, but also for the general history of world religions and the comparative phenomenology of religious experience and ritual. It is a work, therefore, that deserves the broadest possible international and interdisciplinary audience. In this sense, the appearance of an English version is an especially welcome event.

More so than has been fathomed in endless ethereal adumbrations of the Lao Tzu, the embodied Taoist religion—the "real" national religion of the Chinese people—has, as John Lagerwey rightly suggests, "much to teach us about what it is to be, or rather, become human." One of the silent lessons of both the Lao Tzu and Lord Lao, and the whole corpus of Taoist revelation and ritual, is, after all, simply the way to recover a common humanity amidst everyday life. It is this "teaching without words" to which Kristofer Schipper's The Taoist Body so powerfully speaks.

Bibliographic Note: For biographical details I have relied on Schipper's unpublished "Expose de titres et travaux" which was prepared in 1983. I am indebted to Professor Schipper for providing me with a copy of this valuable account of his scholarly career.

Although there are no comprehensive histories of either the general study of Chinese tradition or the specialized analysis of Taoism, the following works can be recommended for setting out some of the sinological context for Schipper's Taoist scholarship: on nineteenth-century European scholarship, see Desire Marceron's Bibliographie du taoisme (Paris, 1898); for more up-to-date and reliable discussions, see T. H. Barrett's 'Taoism: History of Study," pp. 329-332 in volume 14 of The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York, 1987), and his introduction to the English translation of Henri Maspero's writings on Taoism (titled Taoism and Chinese Religion, Amherst, 1981); concerning modern Japanese scholarship, see Sakai Tadao and Noguchi Tetsuro's 'Taoist Studies in Japan," in Facets of Taoism, edited by Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel (New Haven, 1979), pp. 269-287; on the controversial and scandalous side of contemporary Taoist scholarship, see Michel Strickmann's "History, Anthropology, and Chinese Religion," in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 40(1980), pp. 201-248; and, in relation to the overall history of the study of Chinese religions, see the article, "Chinese Religion: History of Study," pp. 312-323 in volume 3 of The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York, 1987).

Concerning the fitful reappearance of the Taoist religion in post-Maoist China, and the modest revival of mainland Chinese scholarship, see Jan Yun-hua's "The Religious Situation and the Studies of Buddhism and Taoism in China: An Incomplete and Imbalanced Picture," Journal of Chinese Religions 12(1984):37-64; and Barbara Hen-drischke's "Chinese Research into Daoism after the Cultural Revolution," Asiatische Studien/Etudes asiatiques 38(1984): 125-142.

Note of Kristofer Schipper

Taoism still lives, be it in the face of many adversities. It has remained part of the daily life of the Chinese people and has no clearly defined profile. In order to explore it, we must take into account all its components, those concerning the physical body as well as those related to the social body. In other words, we should consider not only the techniques of Tending Life and the Way of the Immortals, but also Taoist liturgy, mythology, and mysticism. All these aspects, which may sometimes strike us as discrepant, are closely related in Taoism.

This is a book about Taoism in general. Such a vast and little-known topic is difficult to grasp in its entirety, and I am aware of the hazards of my undertaking. The attempt is motivated by the present state of the understanding of China in the West. Much has been written on the official history, on the emperor and the mandarins of yore, on the revolutionary republics of our times. But there is also the unofficial side of China, which has been much less publicized: the society of the ordinary people, the regional and local cultures, the temples and networks. This side of China—which represents the vast majority of its citizens—is not just that of the "ignorant and superstitious peasant masses," as official propaganda wants us to believe. Popular society has deeply rooted traditions of belief and worship which are strong and ardent enough to have survived the most violent of persecutions. Popular Taoism keeps its holy mountains, its festivals, its theater and, above all, its literary treasure house, of which the Taoist Canon is the most important ex-ample. Chinese popular religion can thus be considered as the counterweight of China's official culture and ideologies.

The sources of this book are twofold: first, Taoist literature as it has been preserved in the Taoist Canon and elsewhere; and second, the fieldwork I did as research fellow of the Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient from 1962 to 1970 in the city of Tainan (Taiwan) and its surrounding villages. As much as possible, I have tried to express in this book the ideas of my Taoist masters of those years, instead of my own.

Since then, it has again become possible to do research on Taoism on the Chinese mainland. I have thus had the opportunity to test my findings on Taiwan against the circumstances there. Of course, one is struck by the considerable differences, but on closer scrutiny, these can be shown to be mainly of a material nature: there were once a thousand temples in Peking; today only a few are left. In many, if not all, respects the religion has essentially remained the same. I therefore do think that the information in this book is, with the exception of local variations, valid for China in general.

I am indebted to many persons who helped with the English edition. First of all to Professor Norman Girardot of Lehigh University, for the interest he has shown in my work, for the steps he undertook to have it published in the United States, and for his most kind introduction. Special thanks go the Mrs. Karen Duval, who made the first English version of the text; to Pamela MacFarland and Frits Staal, who helped with the revisions; to the editors and staff of the University of California Press at Los Angeles for their help and great patience in the production of the book, and especially to Nomi Isak Kleinmuntz for the painstaking job of copyediting. My warmest thanks to all.



Kritofer Schipper (Rik)

EPHE PARIS - CNWS LEIDEN






3. 華魂:三教合一,活的傳統。施舟人教授學術回顧


Rétrospectives et perspectives

de Kristofer Schipper

(La religion de la Chine - La tradition vivante, Kristofer Schipper, Paris Fayard 2008, ISBN 2213631913)


Ce sont, comme on sait, les Jésuites qui en ont parlé les premiers ; Matteo Ricci écrivit vers la fin du XVIe siècle : « De tous les infidèles connus par notre Europe, je n'en connais pas qui soient tombés en moins d'erreurs que les Chinois(1). ». Pour lui, les Chinois avaient connu dès l'origine une forme de religion naturelle. Le sentiment religieux s'étant estompé depuis longtemps, cette religion n'était alors plus qu'un ensemble de conventions sociales. La Chine n'ayant plus de foi à proprement parler, la conversion au christianisme pouvait être envisagée, selon Ricci, sans toucher aux coutumes traditionnelles (il entendait par là le confucianisme).

Les autres congrégations labourant le sol chinois étant d'un avis opposé, elles dénoncèrent l'«accomodazione» de Ricci. Ce fut alors la querelle des rites, interminable débat qui devait, par son ampleur et sa véhémence, forger la vision de la Chine aux temps des Lumières. Même les philosophes opposés à l'Église catholique romaine épousèrent les idées de Ricci. Pensez donc : un grand peuple civilisé sans religion, gouverné par des sages ! où l'intelligence et la culture étaient au service de l'État grâce à l'institution de concours officiels qui seuls donnaient accès à la fonction publique ! Si la Chine n'avait pas existé pour servir d'exemple, il aurait fallu l'inventer.

La sinophilie envahit alors les idées ainsi que les arts. Les salons se remplissent d'objets chinois et de chinoiseries. L'art du jardin se transforme. Les Kew Gardens ayant été les premiers, les jardins paysagers, avec leurs pagodes et leurs pavillons à thé, seront appelés « à l'anglaise ». Ils changeront profondément notre perception de la nature. Celle-ci cesse d'être l'œuvre du Grand Géomètre pour devenir spontanée, imprévisible, pleine de mystère. Au lieu de convertir l'Empire céleste, les Jésuites auront donné à l'Europe la religion de la Chine.

Du temps des Lumières, les grands esprits n'avaient aucun moyen de savoir à quel point l'art du paysage en Chine était tributaire du taoïsme. De même, Leibniz connaissait la cosmologie chinoise par le néo-confucianisme de Zhu Xi (1130-1200) ; il ignorait que cette cosmologie était celle du taoïsme que Zhu Xi avait su intégrer dans la tradition orthodoxe.

Pour que l'Europe connaisse enfin le taoïsme, il faut attendre la création en 1814 d'une chaire de langue et littérature chinoises au Collège de France. Son premier occupant fut le jeune Abel Remusat (1788-1832), auteur d'une thèse sur la médecine chinoise soutenue en 1813 et qui, de ce fait, se consacra par priorité à l'étude du taoïsme. Son travail fut poursuivi avec vigueur et compétence par son successeur, Stanislas Julien (1797-1873), le premier à publier en 1942 une bonne traduction du « Livre de la Voie et de son action » (Daode jing) en langue occidentale.

Elle passa pratiquement inaperçue. En effet, la Chine, auparavant portée aux nues, ayant traversé la première guerre de l'opium (1839-1842), était désormais démoni-sée. Le romantisme avait découvert l'Inde et en avait fait l'objet de ses rêves. Les études védiques, puis celles du bouddhisme, qui débutent avec la traduction du « Sutra de la Bonne Loi » par Eugène Burnouf en 1852, retiennent davantage l'attention que la pensée chinoise. La France restera durant cent ans le grand centre des études bouddhiques. Elles sont illustrées particulièrement par les travaux de Sylvain Lévi (1863-1935), dont les recherches s'étendent aux sources chinoises et japonaises.

Edouard Chavannes (1865-1918), collègue de Sylvain Lévi au Collège de France et véritable fondateur de la sinologie française moderne, participa activement aux recherches sur le bouddhisme chinois. Bientôt il se rendit compte que celui-ci ne pourrait être étudié sans tenir compte de ses rapports étroits, surtout à ses débuts, avec le taoïsme. Chavannes fut le premier à entreprendre des recherches dans le Canon taoïste, non seulement en France, mais dans le monde, l'exploration scientifique de cette immense collection de plus de 1 500 textes ayant été négligée jusque là par les lettrés chinois.

Après la mort prématurée de Chavannes, ses disciples Henri Maspero (1883-1945) et Marcel Granet (1884-1940) continuèrent, l'un en historien, l'autre en sociologue, ses recherches. Le second écrivit en 1921 La Religion des Chinois, petit ouvrage dans lequel il admettait que son sujet principal devait être le taoïsme, mais qu'il se sentait encore incapable de lui accorder cette place, car « le taoïsme n'est pas connu. » Il devait désormais lui consacrer une place importante dans son enseignement à l'Ecole pratique des Hautes Études.

Henri Maspero qui, après douze ans de travail sur le terrain au Vietnam, succéda à Chavannes au Collège de France, considéra lui aussi l'exploration du taoïsme comme une priorité. Il se plongea dans la masse des textes taoïstes anciens afin de dégager les grandes lignes de l'histoire et de la pratique. Certaines de ses découvertes, comme celle sur « les procédés pour nourrir le Principe vital dans la religion taoïste ancienne(2).», firent sensation. Il accumula une documentation considérable qui, en majeure partie, ne fut publiée qu'après sa mort, en 1945, à Buchenwald, par Paul Demiéville (1894-1979). Ces publications marquent le commencement des études taoïstes comme discipline à part entière.

Ce sont ensuite Rolf A. Stein (1911-1999) et Max Kal-tenmark (1912-2002), élèves de Granet et de Maspero, qui reprennent le flambeau. Bien que Rolf Stein soit surtout connu aujourd'hui comme tibétisant, ses contributions à l'étude du taoïsme furent très importantes. Quant à Max Kaltenmark, il fut le premier à initier ses étudiants aux textes jusqu'alors jamais traduits du Canon taoïste. Comme je le rappelle ailleurs dans ce volume, nous n'étions que fort peu à profiter de cette initiation qui devait jeter les bases du développement des études taoïstes dans le monde entier.

C'est en tant que jeune taoïsant de la quatrième génération, après Chavannes, que je commençai en 1962 mon travail de terrain. Suite à un concours de circonstances heureuses, j'eus le privilège d'être le premier chercheur à connaître la tradition liturgique du taoïsme qui avait survécu dans un environnement authentique dans le sud de Taiwan. Cette découverte me conduisit à être adopté dans une famille de daoshi et à recevoir l'initiation nécessaire pour pouvoir participer aux rituels afin de les étudier à fond. Les connaissances et perspectives nouvelles qui me furent ainsi ouvertes ont été à la base de mon livre Le Corps taoïste, publié par Fayard en 1982. Les textes qui constituent la matière du présent recueil ont été dans l'ensemble publiés après 1982. Tout en abordant des sujets nouveaux, ils se situent aussi dans le prolongement de l'ouvrage sus-cité. Le choix, fait parmi plus de soixante-dix contributions, a été difficile. Il m'a fallu écarter les études trop spécialisées, tout en me rendant compte que celles que je présente ici ne sont pas nécessairement très abordables non plus. Écrites sur une période de plus de vingt-cinq ans, elles contiennent aussi des redites que, malgré mes efforts de réécriture, je n'ai pas été toujours en mesure d'éviter.

Certains articles sont directement en relation avec mon terrain, à Taiwan de 1962 à 1970. D'autres sont le résultat de mes enquêtes à Pékin durant les années 1990 à 1998. Le premier texte, sur la tradition vivante, est en revanche un texte inédit dans lequel je présente l'origine et le développement du taoïsme à la lumière des découvertes de ces dernières années. En effet, après la parution du Corps taoïste, ce sont les recherches sur les sources jusqu'ici restées inconnues dans le Canon taoïste qui m'ont permis d'approfondir de nombreuses questions. Le chapitre final contient une méditation toute personnelle sur la nécessité et l'utilité - la grande utilité de ce qui n'est pas utile - de nos recherches.

Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement mon ami Guy Sorman de m'avoir encouragé à entreprendre la présente publication et d'avoir convaincu les éditions Fayard de l'accueillir dans leur prestigieuse collection « L'espace intérieur ». Parmi les nombreux amis et anciens élèves qui m'ont aidé à réaliser ce travail, je remercie Marianne Bujard d'avoir bien voulu relire l'essai sur « La tradition vivante » et d'y avoir apporté d'importantes et précieuses corrections. Elle a également autorisé la reproduction de sa photo de la grotte-sanctuaire de la dame-joyau de Chen à Baoji, qu'elle a découverte en 1993. Vincent Goossaert a traduit de l'anglais le texte sur « Le culte du Grand Souverain qui protège la vie et sa propagation à Taiwan », et Hervé Denès les deux textes : « Écologie taoïste : la transformation intérieure » et « L'avenir des études taoïstes ». Fang Ling a bien voulu se charger de la bibliographie. Finalement, ce livre a grandement bénéficié des soins rédactionnels de Claude Durand et de son équipe des Editions Arthème Fayard. A tous j'exprime ma profonde gratitude.



(1).  Cité par Paul A. Rule, K'ung-tzu or Confucius ? - The Jesuit Inter¬pretation of Confucianism, London, Unwin Hyman, 1986, p. 46.
(2).  « Les Procédés pour nourrir le Principe vital dans la religion taoïste ancienne », Journal asiatique, vol. 229 (1937), pp. 177-252.



Kritofer Schipper (Rik)

EPHE PARIS - CNWS LEIDEN




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