翻譯教程輔導

(一)

                          Chapter1,2,3

1.The Translations of Buddhist Sutras in Sanskrit into Classical Chinese(148A.D-14th.C)

    A Pioneers in translation

         a)安清,字世高(?-172A.D),安息國太子,譯經35部,主要譯作:<<大安般守意經>>

         b)支婁迦讖:月支國人,譯經三部,主要譯作:<<般若道行經>>(179A.D)

    B Three greatest translators

         a)鳩摩羅什(350A.D-409A.D),印度人,385年到涼州,401年到長安,譯經74部,主要譯作:<<金剛經>>,<<維摩經>>

                理論:主張意譯,創立佛學專用名詞

         b)真諦(499-569),印度人,546年到廣州,後到建業,譯經26部,主要譯作:<<攝大乘論>>,<<唯識論>>

               理論:可質而得義,不可使文而失旨

         c)玄奘(600-664),本名陳煒,河南人,11歲出家,629年赴天竺國,參加四次無遮大會,645年攜657部佛經回國,19年譯經75部,主要譯作:<<瑜珈師地論>>,<<大般若經>>

                理論:既需求真,又需遇俗

   2.Translation from Christian Culture (15th.c-present)

    A.利瑪竇, (1552-1620)義大利人,明萬曆年間來華,主要譯作:與徐光啟合譯<<幾何原本>>

B.嚴復,字又陵(1853-1921)福建人1876-1879留英,主要譯作:<<天演論>>,<<原富>>

                     理論: 信 , 達 , 雅

C.林紓:字琴南,號胃廬(1852-1924)福建人,30年間譯出183部文學作品,約一千二百萬字.主要譯作:<<巴黎茶花女遺事>>(1897),<<吟邊燕語>>,與魏易合譯(1903)

3.Principles

Faithfulness to the source text with regard to its author ,time, language characteristic, , etc..
Fluency in the target text:
          1)clear in meaning

          2) standard language

4.Processes

Comprehension of the source text
           1)idioms , allusions etc..

           2)complicated sentence structure

           3)special usage

Expression in the target language:
           1)literal or word-for-word translation(直譯)

           2)Meaning or free translation(意譯)

Checking and Revising
           1)See if proper names ,data etc are all correct and consistent.

           2)See if there are any mistakes in understanding.

           3)See if any expression in the target text is not clear ,or not fluent.

   Chapter 4 Translation Methods and Skills

A The Choice of  Words Meaning

(一)根據詞在句中的詞類來選擇詞義

       1)He likes mathematics more than physics

       他喜歡數學勝於喜歡物理(動詞)

      2)In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.

       在射入窗內的陽光里,細微的塵埃象金子一般在閃閃發亮.(介詞)

      3)Like knows like.

       英雄識英雄(名詞)

(二)根據上下文聯繫以及詞在句中的搭配關係來選擇詞義                 

1)He is the last man to come .

       他是最後來的.

      2)He is the last man to do it .

       他決不會幹那件事.

      3)He is the last person for such a job.

       他最不配干這個工作

      4)He should be the last (man) to blame.

       怎麼也不該怪他.

      5)He is the last man to consult.

       根本不宜找他商量.

      6)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

       我怎麼也沒料到會在這個地方見到你

   B. Extension of Word Meaning

     (一)將詞義作抽象化的引申

      1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of imperialists.

        帝國主義者的性格既殘暴,又狡猾.

     (二)將詞義作具體化的引申

      1)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.

        我前頭的那輛車停住了,我錯過了綠燈

   C. Commendatory , Neutral and Pejorative Meaning

     (一) 英語中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義,漢譯時就應相應地表達出來.

      1)He was a man of high renown.

       他是位有名望的人.(褒)

      2)His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.

       他作為流氓的惡名是他死後才傳開的.(貶)

     (二)英語中有些詞是中立的,根據意思選擇詞義的褒貶

      1)Once, early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles ,he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.

        一九七四年初,有人同他一起驅車從克利門蒂沿聖地亞哥公路去洛杉磯,途中請他談了他的希望和抱負.

2)He was a man of integrity ,but unfortunately he had a certain reputation .I believe the reputation was not deserved.

        他是一個正直誠實的人,但不幸有某種壞名聲.我相信他這個壞名聲是不該有的.

   D. Conversion of Words

一.轉譯成動詞

a.名詞轉譯成動詞

1)One after another ,speaker called for the downfall of imperialism ,abolition of exploitation of man by man ,liberation of the oppressed of the world.

       發言人一個接一個表示要打倒帝國主義,要消滅人剝削人的制度,要解放世界上被壓迫人民.

2)The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

       看到我們的噴氣式飛機,聽見隆隆的機聲,令我特別神往.

3)As the week drew to a close ,the enemy rout was complete.

       一周快結束時,敵人徹底潰退了.

4)I am  I can`t teach you swimming . I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.

      我未必會教你游泳.我想我的小弟弟比我教的好.

     5) They took a final look at Iron Mike ,still intact in the darkness.

       他們最後看了鐵麥克一眼---它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中.

    b.前置詞轉譯成動詞

     1)」Coming!」Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path ,up the steps ,across the veranda , and into the porch.

      「來了」她轉身蹦著跳著的跑了,越過草地,跑上小徑,跨上台階,穿過涼台,進了門廊.

c.形容詞轉譯成動詞

     1)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

       醫生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命.

    d.副詞轉譯成動詞

1)As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.

       他跑出去時,忘記了穿鞋子

二.轉譯成名詞

a.名詞派生的動詞

     1)As the war progressed ,he would symbolize their frustrations ,the embodiment of all evils.

       隨著戰爭的進行,他成了他們受挫的象徵,成了一切壞事的化身.

b.英語被動句中

1)Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom during this period ,victimized for his views.

       在這期間,斯諾受到了美國新聞界和政界極不公正的對待,由於他的觀點,他受到了迫害.

c.形容詞轉譯成名詞

     1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

       他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員.

翻譯教程輔導(二)

1)The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.

他蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時的情緒.

四.其他詞類轉譯

a.形容詞與副詞的互相轉譯

1)We took brief ,restless naps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague,….

我們短短地,不安地睡了幾次,竭力想聽懂布拉格電台斷斷續續的廣播……

2)The film 「Carve Her Name with Pride」 impressed him deeply.

<<女英烈傳>>這部電影給了他深刻的印象.

b.名詞與副詞的互相轉譯

1)When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist , his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

只要一發現有可能反對他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這人爭取過來.

2)They have not done so well ideologically , however, as organizationally.

但是,他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好.

E. Adding Words

一.根據意義上或修辭上的需要

a. 增加動詞

1) In the evening , after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.

晚上在參加宴會,出席音樂會,觀看乒乓球表演之後,他還得起草最後公報.

b.增加形容詞

1) With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!

中國人民正在以多麼高的熱情建設社會主義啊!

c.增加副詞

1) The crowds melted away.

人群漸漸散開了.

d.增加名詞

1)Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.

瑪麗在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后,就靠洗衣服維持生活.

2)This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

這部打字機真是價廉物美.

3)After all preparations were made , the planes were flown across the U.S to San Francisco.

一切準備工作就緒以後,飛機就飛越美國去舊金山.

4)He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩.

e. 增加名詞複數的詞

1)Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院



1)The lion is the king of animals.

獅是百獸之王.

f.增加表達時態的詞

1)I had known two great social systems.

那時以前,我就經歷過兩大社會制度.

.  2)The old man said ,」They say father was a fisherman .Maybe he was as poor as we are.」

老頭說:」聽人說,從前他爸爸是個打魚的.他過去也許跟我們現在一樣窮.」

g.增加語氣助詞

1)Don`t take it seriously . I`m just making fun of you .

不要認真嘛!我不過開開玩笑罷了!

h.增加量詞

1) A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.

一輪紅日從風平浪靜的海面冉冉升起

2)Once , they had a quarrel.

有一次,他們爭吵了一番.

i.增加根據上下文需要及反映背景情況的詞

1)In April , there was the 「ping」 heard around the world .In July, the ping 「ponged」  

四月里,全世界聽到中國」乒」的一聲把球打了出去;到了七月,美國」乓」的一聲把球打了回來.

j.增加概括詞

1)You and I

你我兩人

2)The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.

美日雙方在完全保密的情況下互相交換了信件.

k.增加承上啟下的詞

1)For mistakes had been made , bad ones.

因為已經犯了許多錯誤,而且還是很糟的錯誤.

二.根據句法上的需要

a.增補原文回答句中的省略部分

1)Is this your book? Yes , it is.

這是你的書嗎?是我的.

b.增補原文句子中所省略的動詞

1)Reading makes a full man; conference (…)a ready man ; writing(…)an exact man.

讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,寫作使人準確.

c.增補原文比較句中的省略部分

1) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

僕人們願意服侍她,就像他們願意服侍她們的女主人一樣.

d.增補原文含蓄條件句中的省略部分

1)We didn`t admit it (escape) was impossible .To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.

     我們認為越獄不是不可能的.如果認為不可能,那就等於把我們僅存的一點希望也F。F.Repetition(1)

一.重複名詞

1.重複英語中作賓語的名詞

1）Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

我們來修訂安全規則和衛生規則吧。

2.重複英語中作表語的名詞。

1) He became an oil baron Call by himself.

他成為一個石油大王―一個白手起家的石油大王。

3. 重複英語前置詞短語前所省略的名詞。

1） The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.

醫生從我身上得到的實踐 ，會比從一千七百個病人身上得到的實踐還多。

4. 重複英語中作先行詞的名詞

1）May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party ,Through you ,for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution , which is now inspiring the world.

讓我通過您最忠心祝賀偉大的中國人民及其共產黨員，祝賀你們的巨大革命的輝煌勝利，這個勝利正在鼓舞著全世界。

2）The President announced , with obvious relish , that the planes took off from 「Shangri-la」,the fictional ,remote retreat in the Himalayas.

這位總統洋洋得意的宣稱，這批飛機是從「香格里拉」起飛的，而「香格里拉」是一個虛構的喜馬拉雅山中的世外桃源。

二.重複動詞

1.英語句子常用一個動詞連接幾個賓語或表語在譯文中常常要重複這個動詞。

1) Is he a friend or an enemy?

他是個朋友呢，還是個仇人？

2.英語句子中動詞後有前置詞時，在第二次第三次往往只用前置詞而省略動詞，在譯文中則要重複動詞以代替英語中重複的前置詞。

1）We talked of ourselves , of our prospects , of the journey ,of the weather , of the other- of everything but our host and hostess.

我們談到自己，談到前途，談到旅程，談到天氣，談到彼此的情況―談到一切，只是不談我們的男女主人。

2）But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his careless ,and the ruin he was bringing on his family.

可是老婆不斷地在他耳朵邊嘮叨個沒完，說他懶惰，說他粗心並且說他的一家人都要毀在他身上。



三.重複代詞

1.英語中用代詞的地方，翻譯時往往可以按漢語習慣重複其所代替的名詞。

1）Jesse opened his eyes .They were filled with tears .

傑西睜開眼睛，眼裡充滿了淚水。

2）Happy families also had their own troubles.

幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦惱。

3）Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

誰犯了紀律，誰就應該受到批評。

4）Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.

上大學的，上大學了，下鄉的，下鄉了。（有的上大學了，有的下鄉了。）

四.其他重複

1）He wanted to send them more aid , more weapons and a few more men .

他想給他們增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人員。

Repetition (2)

一.為了強調

1.英語原文中有詞的重複，譯成漢語有時可以保持同樣的詞的重複。

1）He wandered about in the chill rain ,thinking and thinking , brooding and brooding.

他在凄雨中蕩來蕩去，想了又想，盤算了又盤算。

2.英語原文中有詞的重複，譯成漢語時可以用同義詞來重複。

1）They would read and re-read the secret notes.

他們往往一遍又一遍的反覆琢磨這些密件。

二.為了生動

1）But there had been too much publicity about my case.

但我的事情現在已經搞得滿城風雨，人人皆知了。

2）I had been completely honest in my replies , withholding nothing.

我的回答完全是坦坦蕩蕩，直言不諱。

  3）He sat there and watched them , so changelessly changing ,so bright and dark ,so grave and gay.

       我坐在那兒注視著，覺得眼前的景色，既是始終如一 ，又是變化多端，既是光彩奪目，又是朦朧黑暗，既是莊嚴肅穆，又是輕鬆愉快。

翻譯教程輔導(三)

G. Omitting

一.從語法角度看

（一）省代詞

  1.省略做主語的人稱代詞

  （1）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.

       他消瘦而憔悴（…..）看上去一副可憐相。

2.省略作賓語的代詞

  （1）The more he tried to hide his warts , the more he revealed them .

       他越是要掩蓋他的爛瘡疤，就越是會暴露（…….）。

  3.省略物主代詞

  （1）So the train came , he pinched his little sister lovingly , and put his great arms about his mother`s neck and then was away.

       於是火車來了，他愛撫地捏了一下（……）小妹妹，用（…….）兩條巨大的胳膊摟了一下（……）母親的脖子，然後就走了。

（二）省略非人稱的或強勢句中的it

   （1）Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs .

      外面一團漆黑，大雨傾盆。

   （2）It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told .

      只是在這個時候，我才開始懷疑，我的經歷究竟能不能公諸於眾呢！

（三）省略連接詞

   1.省略並列連接詞

     （1）He looked gloomy and troubled .

           他看上去有些憂鬱不安。

  2.省略從屬連接詞

     （1）We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin .

        我們看見了一隻知更鳥，知道春天快要到了。

（四）省略冠詞

   （1）A teacher should have patience in his work .

       當教員的應當有耐心。

（五）省略前置詞

   （1）The people `s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

       一九四九年中華人民共和國成立。

   （2) Smoking is prohibited in public places.

        公共場所不準吸煙。

二.從修辭角度來看

1.University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not .

    報考大學的人，有工作經驗的優先錄取。

2.They could be adapted to the waging of people`s war of liberation but were rather useless in an anti-people`s war.

   它們（這些著作）可以用之於人民的解放戰爭，但對反對人民的戰爭是無用的。

H．Inversions   

一.英文從正面表達，譯文從反面表達

(一）動詞

   （1）The first bombs missed the target.

        第一批炸彈沒有擊中目標。

（二）副詞

  （1）We may safely say so .

         我們這樣說萬無一失。

（三）形容詞

  （1）He is not stupid ,merely ignorant.

          他並不愚蠢，僅僅是無知而已。

（四）前置詞

     （1）This problem is above me .

           這問題我不懂。

（五）連接詞

    （1）The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.

       游擊隊員寧願戰鬥到死，而決不投降。

（六）名詞

    （1）This failure was the making of him .

         這次不成功是他成功的基礎。

（七）短語

     （1）The islanders found themselves far from ready  to fight the war .

        島民發現自己遠遠沒有做好作戰準備。

（八）句子

     （1）If it worked once , it can work twice .

           一次得手，再次不愁。

二.英語從反面表達，譯文從正面表達。

（一）動詞

   （1）I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.

      一天我和他乘車轉了一轉，看看船如何卸貨。

（二）副詞

  （1）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away .

        他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。

（三）形容詞

    （1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious .

         他這個人優柔寡斷，而且總是反覆無常。

(四）名詞

  （1）It was said that someone had sown discord among them .

     據說有人在他們中間搞挑撥離間。

（五）短語

（1）Don`t lose time in posting this letter.

     趕快把這封信寄出去。

（六）句子

   （1）The significance of these incidents wasn`t lost on us .

        這些事件引起了我們的重視。

J．Division and Combination

一.分句法

1.副詞

   （1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements .

     中國人似乎為他們在經濟上取得的成就而自豪，這是合乎情理的。

2.形容詞

  （2）Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of 「self-reliance」

      毛主席在談到他的「自力更生」的政策時，也許有些自豪感，這是可以理解的。

3.名詞

  （3）A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.

      我離開那個單人掩體速度之快，要是拍成電影的話，會象出膛的子彈一樣。



4.分詞短語

（1）They were at home in the home of people , moving confidently without fear .

     他們在群眾家裡感到自在，行動時心理塌實，無憂無慮。

5.名詞短語

（1）I wrote four books in the first three years , a record never touched before .

     我頭三年寫了四本書，打破了以往的記錄。

6.前置詞短語

  （1）In August 1946 , on my fifth trip through China , bound for my Moscow home but not in haste , since my husband had died in the war , I came to yenan .

     一九四六年八月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路過中國，由於我丈夫已在戰爭中犧牲了，當時我並不急於回去，就到了延安。

7.句子

（1）Sometimes Mrs . Cross would be walking around in the big kitchen watching him eat .

    有時，克羅斯太太會一面在大廚房踱來踱去，一面看他吃飯。

二.合句法

1.簡單句

（1）It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971 .The pilots were briefed in the ready room .

     一九七一年四月二日清晨，飛機駕駛員都在待命室接受飛行任務。

2.主從複合句

（1）When I negotiate , I get nervous . When I get nervous , I eat.

     我在談判時總是有些緊張。緊張時我就吃東西。

3.並列複合句

（1）From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa , and then it reached the sea .

    阿諾河從佛羅倫薩流經比薩入海。

   

K．From the Passive in English into the Passive in Chinese

一.譯成漢語主動句

（1）The whole country was armed in a few days .

    幾天以內全國武裝起來了。

（2）By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization , but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives .

     大戰終了時，這個組織拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的。

（3）The crew were trained at Eglin Field , Fla .

    (轟炸機)機組人員是在佛羅里達州埃格林空軍基地訓練的。

二.譯成漢語被動句

1.「被…」或「給…」

（1）Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield .

   我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發現。

2.「（遭）受…」

（1）Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world .

    我們的對外政策受到全世界人民的支持。

3.「為….所」

（1）These views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who are fighting for their emancipation .

     馬克思和恩格斯的這種觀點，現在已成為爭取解放的全體無產階級所採納。

4.譯成「把」，「使」和「由」字句

（1）By evening the occupation was complete , and the people were chases off the streets by an eight o`clock curfew.

    至傍晚，佔領已告完成。八點鐘開始的宵禁把人們從街道趕走。

L．Translation of Noun Clauses

1.主語從句

（1）What he told me was only half Ctruth.

     他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而已。

（2）It doesn`t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not .

     他參不參加會議沒有多大關係。

（3）It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings .

     真奇怪，他竟然沒有看出自己的缺點。

2.賓語從句

（1）I told him that because of the last condition , I`d have to turn it down .

    我告訴他， 由於那最後一個條件，我只能謝絕。

（2）Smith replied that he was sorry .

    斯密斯回答說，他感到遺憾。

（3）I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.

     我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十時前交卷。

（4）I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting .

     我被選參加會議，感到光榮。

3.表語從句

（1）That is how the student movement broadened out into a nationwide movement for a war of resistance against foreign invaders .

    就這樣，學生運動發展成為一個全國性的要求對外國侵略者進行抗戰的運動。

4.同位語從句

（1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again .

    他表示希望再到中國來訪問。

（2）Yet , from the beginning , the fact that I was alive was  ignored.

     然而，從一開始，我仍然活著這個事實卻偏偏被忽視了。