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本段選自我以前在麥吉爾大學讀文學時修的<<唐詩>>一門課的作業.
Gao Shi 高適： Gao Shi (AD 700?-765), also called Da Fu, was born in Bohai County (today's Jing County, He Bei Province).(Page 1369).His personality was latitudinarian. He lived in poverty when he was young. In AD 749,he passed the required exams and was appointed as Police Commissioner of Fengqiu, on the strength of recommendation of Governor General of Songzhou, Zhang Jiugao (?). Soon he resigned his post and traveled to the military as the army secretary for General Geshu Han (?) in Hexi. His talents were admired by emperors Xuanzong and Suzong in AD 755.He enjoyed a succession of promotions which led to his appointment as Governor General of Huainan, Shuzhou, Pengzhou, and Xichuan. In the Dai Zong court, he was nominated as deputy minister of justice and then Grand Councilor. He died in Changan in AD 765.("Kao Shih"(1978) by Mariec Chan, Page 15-16,chronology).
Gao Shi is the outstanding representative of frontier poets in High Tang. He was lucky to make friends with many famous poets at his time such as Li Bo, Du Fu, Wang Changling, and Wang Zhihuan. His poems delineated lots of frontier war life. He paid a tribute to the patriotism of soldiers and generals' repelling enemies and satirized the corruption of some frontier military officers. Some of his poets depicted the landscape of frontier borders. He also wrote some poems on sympathy of poor life of ordinary people. He was adepted in old , parallel couplet, and rhythm. The syllable of his poem is full of leisureliness and euphemism. His poetry was filled with sturdiness and riot. His poetry collection was named " the Collection of Grand Counciller Gao"(Quan Tang Shi Jin Hua Fen Lei Jian Shang Ji Cheng ,page 1396).
Gao Shi's life spans the three reigns of Xuan Zong, Su Zong, and Dai Zong. He went to the frontier three times, and combined the two roles of poet and military commander in his late life. He was greatly influenced by the Confucian doctrine of using public service posts in order to help govern the country and benefit the people. Due to the fatuity of the ruling class, his talents and ambition were ignored and frustrated for years. Even suffering setbacks, he did not allow his courage and determination to wane, as is evidenced by the consistent mood of ennobled aspirations that permeates his poetic works.
More than two hundred poems by Gao Shi have survived (Ch'uan T'ang Shih,Page 2202-2244). Besides some better ones in his earlier years, the most important ones are about frontier. His frontier poems pay tribute to the heroic mettle displayed by the soldiers and officers in defending their country---------a reflection of the prevailing spirit of the Tang Dynasty. Simultaneously these poems emanate a deep sympathy for the hard life of the soldiers, whilst exposing the decadence of their commanders.
Song of Yan stands as the acme of his frontier poems. He composed the poem according to his experience on the frontier although he was in Songzong at that time. The following is the poem of Song of Yan.燕歌行
Preface: In the twenty-six year of the Kai Yuan reign, a gentleman who had come back from Chancellor Zhang's mission to the frontier showed me his " song of yan", inspired by the war and garrison life, I composed this verse in reply. 開元二十六年，客有從御使大夫張公出塞而還者，作燕歌行以示適。感征戎之事，因而和焉。 The smoke and dust of war roll in the northeast,漢家煙塵在東北， The general leaves home to smash the tottering foe.漢將辭家破殘賊。 A true man is born to set great store by gallantry,男兒本身重橫行， The emperor has deigned exceptional graces to him.天子非常賜顏色。 Beating drums and gongs the army march to Yuguan Pass,金伐鼓下榆關， Its standards and flags winding along Jieshi Hill.旌旆逶迤碣石間， Field officials urgent dispatches speed across the desert,校尉羽書飛瀚海， Tartar Chief's hunting fire set Wolf Mountai ablaze.單於獵火照狼山。 A desolate scene stretches to the farthest borderland,山川蕭條極邊土， With Tartar cavalry running amuck like a violent storm.胡騎k陵雜風雨。 Half of the soldiers have laid down their lives in battle, 戰士軍前半死生， In the command camp pretty girls still sing and dance. 美人帳下猶歌舞。 In the vast desert, grasses wither in late autumn,大漠窮秋塞草腓， In the isolated city, combatants are sparse at sunset.孤城落日關兵稀。 Obliged to imperial bounty but always belittling the foe,身當恩遇常輕敵， The forts remain besieged despite all-out efforts.力盡關山未解圍。 Mailed fighters at distant garrison have toiled long,鐵衣遠戍辛勤久， Their wives must be shedding tears for the separation.玉筋應啼別離后。 In the south of the city young women are nearly heartbroken, 少婦城南欲斷腸， To the north of Ji the marchers turn their heads in vain. 徵人薊北空回首。 The plight on the borderland is hard to pull through,邊庭飄飄那可廢， In the remote region there is nothing but desolation,絕域蒼茫無所有。 Battle clouds redolent of death linger all day long,殺氣三時作陣雲， Dreary watch-beatings regularly permeate the chilly night.寒聲一夜傳刁斗。 Looking at the white blades dripping with blood, 相看白刃雪紛紛， Who can say the fallen fighters ever craved military merits? 死節從來豈顧動？ Have you not seen the arduous fights on the battlefield? 君不見沙場征戰苦， Up to now people still cherish the memory of General Li! 至今憂憶李將軍。 (Kao Shih"(1978) by Marie Chan, 1978 by G.K. Hall & Co.Boston)
According to the preface to the poem, the background regarding its composition seems to be related to Zhang Yougui, who was a government officer of justice and deputy governor of Hebei in AD 738.He concealed his record of defeat in a battle and instead reported victory to the emperor. However, the poem is not just confined to this battle, it is imbued with the author's observations and experiences in Jimen. The upheavals of the time were artistically epitomized. "Half of the soldiers have laid down their lives in battle; In the command camp pretty girls still sing and dance; 戰士軍前半死生，美人帳下猶歌舞。Such a poignant and harrowing contrast unsparingly exemplifies the wide disparities between life and death; pleasure enjoyed by the generals and danger faced by soldiers. The piece continues:" In the south of the city young women are nearly heartbroken, To the north of Ji the marchers turn their heads in vain." 少婦城南欲斷腸，徵人薊北空回首。The mental state of soldiers missing their wives and relatives is an accurate index to the miserable life of the day. The poem ends with a description of the heroism of battlefield: " Looking at the white blades dripping with blood, Who can say the fallen fighters ever craved military merits? Have you not seen the arduous fights on the battlefield ? Up to now people still cherish the memory of General Li!". 相看白刃雪紛紛，死節從來豈顧動？君不見沙場征戰苦，至今憂憶李將軍。References to intrepid generals in history are made to contrast with corruption and incompetence of the frontier generals; their complete disregard of their own safety is the antithesis of the behavior of some frontier generals. As a result, the scope of expression of the poem is extended and its mirroring and criticizing of reality intensified. What is conveyed is extremely complicated but also well structured. On the closely interwoven tapestry are the natural environment deserts and a sanguinary battle atmosphere, coupled with the complex psychology of soldiers at war. The artistic of the poem is rich in depth and subject matter with a sense of underlying tragic heroism.
On the whole, in Gao Shi's poetry, realism takes precedence over romanticism. His poetic voice is plain, yet impassioned and simultaneously enrapturing. It is precisely this point that makes him stand apart from his peers. |
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