一、正確選擇詞義
詞義精當,是指譯者對原文的每一個詞都譯得恰如其分。當然,怎樣才算是「恰如其分」,這是個相對標準,但我們在翻譯實踐中,務必高標準、嚴要求、精益求精。
(一)一詞多義
同一個詞,由於語境的不同,其詞義可千差萬別。
試看下面幾個例子:
1) He got all the credit for the discovery.
2) The ledger shows 300 pounds on the debit side and 50 pounds on the credit side.
3) The availability of cheap long term credit would help small businesses.
4) They sold grain on credit during time of famine.
5) How much do I have to my credit?
6) They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade.
7) They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China, London.
以上七個句子都包含有「credit」這個詞,但每個句子中的「credit」,其詞義都有所區別:
1)他由於這項發現而獲得各種榮譽。
2)從分類帳上可以看出,發生金額借方300英鎊,貸方50英鎊。
3)低息長期貸款可以扶持小型企業。
4)飢荒季節,他們則賒銷糧食。
5)我們的銀行戶頭上還有多少存款?
6)他們的生意信譽已蕩然無存。
7)他們已從倫敦中國銀行開立了有關的信用證。
只要翻開一般的詞典,我們就可知道,一詞多義是語言的普遍現象。因此,根據不同的語境正確選詞是翻譯的一項最基本的技能。再看幾個漢譯英的例子:
1)價廉物美
2)我們不銷售廉價質次的貨物。
3)我們已按很低的價格向你們報盤。
4)你們將會看出我們這批貨物的價格是很便宜的。
5)請報體溫表最低價。
6)對我們的業務建議如有興趣,請寄樣品,並告最惠條款。
7)我們的報價已是最低價,折扣不能再多給了。
以上七個句子都涉及到「價格低」這麼一個概念,但若要譯得貼切,卻可能須用不同的詞來表達。試譯如下:
1) fine and inexpensive
2) We do not sell cheap quality goods.
3) We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.
4) You will find our prices for these goods very popular.
5) Please make us your lowest quotation for Clinical Thermometers.
6) If you feel interest in our business proposal, please send us the samples together
with your best terms and conditions.
7) As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we can』t give you any more discount.
(二)詞義的引伸
在英漢互譯中,有時會遇到某些詞在詞典上難以找到貼切具體上下文的詞義,如生搬硬套,譯文往往語意不清,甚至導致誤解。在這種情況下,需要根據上下文和邏輯關係,從該詞固有的基本含義出發,進一步加以引伸。例如:
1) We have an interest for your athletic goods.
2) To cover our shipment, we would request you to establish a commercial letter of
credit in our favour for the contracted amount through an American Bank.
3) We enclose a list showing our present availabilities.
4) The arrivals do not conform to the sample. You must have shipped the wrong parcel.
5) It is one of the most useful of the household conveniences.
6) We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.
7) Oil prices came tumbling down, brightening the outlook for inflation and helping
to touch off a rally on Wall Street.