女性更容易抑鬱？社會因素要背鍋(雙語)

More women are affected by depression than men， according to the World Health Organization。

　　據世衛組織表示，和男性相比，更多女性受到抑鬱的影響。

　　This pattern is seen in countries around the world， including the United States。

　　在世界範圍內，包括美國在內的許多國家都發現了這一現象。

　　Cross-national and cross-cultural studies have indicated that the prevalence of depression among women is higher at any given time than among men。

　　據跨國家和跨文化背景的研究表明，女性抑鬱症患病率在任何時期都要高於男性。

　　This pattern does not seem to have many exceptions。

　　這一現象似乎沒有多少例外。

　　Why is that？ Biological differences between men and women， like hormones， explain part of it。 These are examples of sex differences。

　　為什麼會產生這樣的現象？兩性之間的生物差異（例如荷爾蒙）可以部分解釋這一現象。這些都是性差異的例子。

　　But social factors between men and women （gender differences） may play a bigger role。

　　但是兩性之間社會因素（性別差異）的影響可能更大。

　　For instance， women， in general， experience more stress than men， and research has shown that social stress is a main cause of depression。

　　例如，一般來說女性的壓力要比男性更大，而有研究表明社會壓力是抑鬱的主因。

　　But， new research that I』ve conducted with my colleague Maryam Moghani Lankarani suggests that men might be more vulnerable to depression caused by stressful events。

　　但是由我和同事蘭卡拉尼完成的一項研究發現，在由壓力事件導致的抑鬱面前，男性也許要比女性更加脆弱。

　　Researchers have defined stress as any major changes to the status quo （existing balance） that may potentially cause mental or emotional strain or tension。

　　根據研究者的定義，壓力是指任何對於現狀（現有的平衡）的改變，可能會導致精神或情緒上的緊張。

　　These stressful life events can include marriage， divorce， separation， marital reconciliation， personal injury or illness， dismissal from work or retirement。

　　這些壓力事件可以涵蓋結婚、離婚、分手、婚姻和解、人身傷害或疾病、被解僱或退休。

　　Men are more likely to have depressive episodes following work difficulties， divorce and separation

　　在公共困難、離婚和分手的影響下，男性更容易誘發抑鬱症。

　　Women， on the other hand， are more sensitive to conflict， serious illness or death happening in their close social network。

　　而在另一方面，對於發生在親密社交關係網中的衝突、重病、和死亡事件來說，女性要更加敏感一些。

　　In fact， research suggests that most of the stressful events that cause depression among women are related to their close social network， such as romantic and marital relationships， child-rearing and parenting。

　　事實上，研究發現大多數促使女性抑鬱的壓力事件都和她們的親密社交關係網有關，例如戀愛和婚姻關係、養育子女和懷孕。

　　Research suggests that compared to men， women tend to ruminate （the technical term for 』overthinking』） more about stressors and have negative thoughts that cause depression。

　　研究表明，和男性相比，女性傾向於更加反覆考慮（也就是俗稱的「想太多」）壓力源，由此產生消極思想並且導致抑鬱。

　　And at least one study suggests that this explains the gender difference in the prevalence of depression。

　　至少有一份研究表明，這一原因可以解釋兩性在抑鬱患病率上的差別。

　　Rumination can make stress worse， and unfortunately， it is more common among women。

　　「想太多」會使得壓力的影響更大，而不幸的是，女性「想太多」很普遍。

　　These findings suggest that psychosocial causes of depression may be at least partially gender-specific， and that these disparities are rooted in different life conditions – social inequalities – that men and women experience。
從這些發現來看，抑鬱症的社會心理原因至少有部分是性別差異，而這些差異根植於兩性體驗到的不同生活條件，也即是社會不平等。

　　And， in general， women tend to experience greater social inequality and social stress， and therefore depression， than men。

　　一般來說，女性傾向於經歷更大的社會不平等和社會壓力，因此她們患抑鬱症的概率也要大於男性。

　　The gender gap in depression is largest in countries with highest gender inequalities。

　　在性別不平等最嚴重的國家，兩性在抑鬱症患病率上的差別也越大。

　　Gender difference in burden of depression is highest in the countries where women and men differ more in access to resources and social equity。

　　在那些兩性獲取資源和社會公平顯著不同的國家，女性和男性在抑鬱症患病率上表現出來的差異最大。