谷歌翻譯聯合國新疆人權評估4

谷歌翻譯聯合國新疆人權評估4

IV、Imprisonment and other forms of deprivation of liberty

監禁和其他形式的剝奪自由

36、As indicated above, the Government has explained that its counter-terrorism and counter-「extremism」 system is based on a distinction between 「serious」 acts that merit punishment through the criminal justice system and 「minor」 cases that require leniency, education and rehabilitation. Under the latter, administrative track, individuals of concern would generally be placed in a so-called 「Vocational Education and Training Centre」 (VETC). The Government has maintained that the VETC facilities have been closed since 2019.

如上所述，政府解釋說，其反恐和反「極端主義」制度是基於區分應通過刑事司法制度懲處的「嚴重」行為和需要寬大處理、教育和改造的「輕微」案件。在後者的行政軌道下，受關注的個人通常會被安置在所謂的「職業教育和培訓中心」（VETC）。政府堅稱VETC設施自2019年以來已關閉。

A. Referrals to 「Vocational Education and Training Centres」

轉介至「職業教育及培訓中心」

37、In October 2018, shortly after the Government first stated the existence of 「vocational training centres」, the Xinjiang Implementing Measures for the P.R.C. Counter-Terrorism Law (「XIM」) and the XUAR Regulation on De-extremification (「XRD」) were both revised to explicitly introduce provisions permitting the establishment of such centres. In mid- 2019, in a follow-up response to the CERD Committee, the Government reported that it had established "vocational education and training centres, in accordance with the law, to eradicate the breeding ground and conditions for the spread of terrorism and religious extremism」.

2018年10月，在政府首次宣布設立「職業培訓中心」后不久，《中華人民共和國新疆實施辦法》反恐法（XIM）和新疆維吾爾自治區去極端化條例（XRD）都進行了修訂，以明確引入允許建立此類中心的規定。 2019年年中，在對消除種族歧視委員會的後續回應中，政府報告說，它已「依法建立職業教育和培訓中心，以消除「極端主義」恐怖主義和宗教活動蔓延的溫床和條件。

38、According to the Government』s 2019 White Paper on 「Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang」 and relevant legal provisions, three categories of individuals can be held in such centres. The first category includes individuals who have been convicted for terrorist or 「extremist」 crimes and who are, upon completion of their sentence 「assessed as still posing a potential threat to society」. Such people are, according to the law, sent to VETC facilities by a court decision.The second category includes 「people who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities in circumstances that were not serious enough to constitute a crime」. Those people can be referred to VETC facilities upon a decision of the police. The third category consists of 「people who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities that posed a real danger but did not cause actual harm」. In these cases the procuratorate can decide to waive a sentence on the condition that the offender』s 「subjective malice is not deep and they can sincerely repent and voluntarily accept education and assistance」.

根據政府2019年《新疆職業教育與培訓》白皮書及相關法律規定，此類中心可收容三類人員。第一類包括因恐怖主義或「極端主義」罪行而被定罪的個人，並且在刑期完成後「被評估為仍對社會構成潛在威脅」。此類人員依法由法院判決送至VETC設施。第二類包括「被煽動、脅迫或誘導參與恐怖活動或極端主義活動的人，或參與恐怖活動或極端主義活動的人」。情節還不足以構成犯罪」。根據警方的決定，這些人可以被轉介到VETC設施。第三類是「被教唆、脅迫、誘導參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動的，或者參與了構成真實危險但未造成實際傷害的恐怖活動、極端主義活動的人」。在這些情況下，檢察院可以決定免刑，條件是犯罪人「主觀惡意不深，能夠真誠悔改，自願接受教育和幫助」。

39、In the same 2019 White Paper, the Government stated that 「education and training [in VETC facilities] is not a measure to limit or circumscribe the freedom of the person」, while in its response to the CERD Committee it stated that VETC facilities are 「 schools by nature」. Under international human rights law, however, a deprivation of liberty occurs when a person 「is being held without his or her free consent」, involving a 「more severe restriction of motion within a narrower space than mere interference with liberty」 of movement」. A deprivation of liberty, within the meaning of international human rights law, can occur in any type of location and does not need to be officially labelled as such.

在同一份2019年白皮書中，政府表示「教育和[在VETC設施中]進行培訓不是限制或限制個人自由的措施」，而在其對CERD委員會的回應中，它表示VETC設施是「本質上的學校」。然而，根據國際人權法，當一個人「未經他或她的自由同意而被關押」時，就會發生剝奪自由，這涉及「比僅僅干涉行動自由更嚴格地限制在狹窄空間內的行動」。國際人權法意義上的剝奪自由可以發生在任何類型的地點，無需正式標記。

40、The 2019 White Paper on 「Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang」 states that the centres are 「residential」, and that referral follows a decision by the court or public security officials, rather than being voluntary. This is the case even for referrals by the procuratorate, where the concerned individual is given a 「choice」 between referral to a VETC facility and a prison sentence, implying that placement in a VETC is a form of alternative sanction to a prison sentence.

2019年《新疆職業教育與培訓》白皮書指出，這些中心是「住宅」，並且該轉介是法院或公安官員的決定，而不是自願的。即使是檢察院轉介的情況也是如此，在這種情況下，相關個人可以在轉介到VETC設施和監禁之間做出「選擇」，這意味著安置在VETC是一種替代監禁刑罰的形式。

41、Individuals interviewed by OHCHR who had been placed in VETC facilities described being taken to such facilities, usually by public security officials. The majority of the interviewees who were apprehended between 2017 and 2019 were held at a police station before referral to a VETC facility.They said that they were told that they had to go to a VETC facility and were not given an alternative option. None of the interviewees felt they could challenge the referral process, and none had access to a lawyer prior to being sent to the VETC facility nor at any point during the time they were present there. Several underwent long interrogations in police stations before their eventual placement.

人權高專辦採訪的被安置在VETC設施中的人稱，他們通常被公共安全官員帶到此類設施。在2017年至2019年期間被捕的大多數受訪者在被轉介到VETC設施之前被關押在警察局。他們說，他們被告知必須前往VETC設施，並且沒有其他選擇。

42、Not a single interviewee said they were able to exit the facility or go home for a visit. At the VETC facilities, all interviewees observed significant security presence and guards armed with guns and/or batons (including electric ones), and mostly wearing police uniforms. Lengths of stays in the VETC facilities varied, but generally interviewees spent between two months and 18 months in the facilities. None of them were informed of the length of their stays when they were taken to the facility. About half of the interviewees reported that they were allowed occasional visits by or phone calls with a relative, although only under close surveillance. The other half had no contact with their family and often their families did not know where they were.

沒有一個受訪者認為他們可以挑戰轉介程序，而且在被送往VETC設施之前或在他們在那裡的任何時候都沒有人可以接觸到律師。有幾個人在最終被安置之前在警察局接受了長時間的審訊。沒有一個受訪者說他們能夠離開設施或回家探訪。在VETC設施中，所有受訪者都觀察到大量安全人員和配備槍支和/或警棍（包括電棍）的警衛，並且大多穿著警服。在VETC設施中的逗留時間各不相同，但一般受訪者在設施中的時間為2個月至18個月。當他們被帶到該設施時，沒有人被告知他們的逗留時間。大約一半的受訪者報告說，他們被允許偶爾拜訪親戚或與親戚打電話，儘管只是在密切監視下。另一半與他們的家人沒有聯繫，他們的家人往往不知道他們在哪裡。

43、Chinese Government-affiliated media has regularly disseminated promotional videos about VETC facilities. Those interviewed in such videos either welcomed their stays or said that it had helped them from being drawn to terrorism or 「extremism」. Those interviewed by OHCHR, in contrast, said they were explicitly told by guards to be positive about their experience in the facility when outsiders or family members would visit. One interviewee, for example, reported that ahead of a visit by a foreign delegation they were told to say that 「everything was fine」, that they could return home every night, that they were studying and that the food was acceptable. Moreover, some interviewees reported being explicitly prohibited to disclose any information about the facility once released, with some having to sign a document to this effect.

中國政府附屬媒體定期發布有關VETC設施的宣傳視頻。接受此類視頻採訪的人要麼對他們的逗留表示歡迎，要麼表示這有助於他們避免被恐怖主義或「極端主義」所吸引。相比之下，接受人權高專辦採訪的人則表示，當外人或家人來訪時，警衛明確告訴他們要對他們在設施中的經歷持積極態度。例如，一位受訪者報告說，在外國代表團訪問之前，他們被告知「一切都很好」，他們可以每天晚上回家，他們正在學習，而且食物可以接受。此外，一些受訪者報告說，一旦發布，就明確禁止透露有關該設施的任何信息，有些人必須為此簽署文件。

44. The Government has claimed that 「attendees are free to join or quit programs at any time」. Consistent accounts obtained by OHCHR, however, indicate a lack of free and informed consent to being placed in the centres; that it is impossible for an individual detained in such a heavily guarded centre to leave of their own free will; and that a stay in a VETC facility is, from the concerned individual's perspective, of indefinite nature, the end of which is only determined by meeting undefined criteria as evaluated by the authorities. As such, given that placement in the VETC facilities is not voluntary and the individuals placed in such centres appear to have had no choice, placements in VETC facilities amount to a form of deprivation of liberty.

政府聲稱「參與者可以隨時自由加入或退出計劃」。一致的說法然而，人權高專辦獲得的信息表明，對被安置在這些中心缺乏自由和知情的同意；被關押在如此戒備森嚴的中心的個人不可能自願離開；並且從相關個人的角度來看，在VETC設施中的逗留是無限期的，其結束只能通過滿足當局評估的未定義標準來確定。因此，鑒於安置在VETC設施中不是自願的，並且安置在此類中心的個人似乎別無選擇，安置在VETC設施中相當於剝奪自由的一種形式。

45、International human rights law requires deprivations of liberty not to be arbitrary. The prohibition of arbitrary detention, enshrined in articles 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is both a norm of customary international law and peremptory norm of international law. As the UN Human Rights Committee, monitoring the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, has explained in authoritative guidance, the notion of 「arbitrariness」 is not to be equated with 「against the law」: an arrest or detention may be authorized by domestic law and nonetheless be arbitrary, when there are elements of inappropriateness, injustice, lack of predictability and due process of law, as well as lack of elements of reasonableness, necessity and proportionality. In the same vein, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that assesses complaints of arbitrary detention from individual complainants in member states, for its part, considers a deprivation of liberty arbitrary when it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty, including cases of deprivation of liberty in the absence of any legislative provision, as well as in cases of grave non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial. Such protections include the right to be informed of one』s rights and the reasons for arrest, and to have sufficient access to lawyers and family members. Under international human rights law, a detention is also arbitrary when used in response to the legitimate exercise of human rights, such as the exercise of the rights to freedom of opinion or expression, freedom to leave one』s own country, freedom of religion, and the right of minorities to enjoy their own culture, profess their own religion or use their own language.

國際人權法要求剝奪自由不能是任意的。《世界人權宣言》和《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》第九條規定的禁止任意拘留既是習慣國際法規範，也是國際法強制性規範。正如監督《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》執行情況的聯合國人權委員會在權威指南中解釋的那樣，「任意性」的概念不應等同於「違法」：逮捕或拘留可能是當存在不適當、不公正、缺乏可預測性和正當法律程序的要素，以及缺乏合理性、必要性和相稱性要素時，則為國內法授權，但仍具有任意性。同樣，評估成員國個人申訴人對任意拘留的申訴的聯合國任意拘留問題工作組認為，如果顯然無法援引任何法律依據證明剝奪自由是正當的，則剝奪自由是任意的。包括在沒有任何立法規定的情況下剝奪自由的情況，以及嚴重不遵守與公平審判權有關的國際規範的情況。此類保護包括被告知自己的權利和被捕原因的權利，以及充分接觸律師和家人的權利。根據國際人權法，為回應合法行使人權，如行使見解或言論自由、離開自己國家的自由、宗教自由和少數群體享有自己的文化、信奉自己的宗教或使用自己的語言的權利。

46. Several key features of the VETC system raise concern from this perspective. Firstly, deprivations of liberty in residential facilities appear to have been without any apparent legal basis for a considerable period. The Xinjiang Implementing Measures for the P.R.C. Counter- Terrorism Law (「 XIM」) and the XUAR Regulation on De-extremification (「XRD」) were amended in October 2018 to authorize the establishment of the VETCs and the referral of individuals for residential programmes, although the wave of referrals to VETCs had already commenced well prior, from April 2017. Further, as discussed above, the XIM and XRD are vague in scope, vulnerable to overly broad interpretations, and therefore arbitrary and discriminatory application.

從這個角度來看，VETC系統的幾個關鍵特性引起了人們的關注。首先，在相當長的一段時間內，在住宅設施中剝奪自由似乎沒有任何明顯的法律依據。中華人民共和國新疆實施辦法反恐怖主義法（XIM）和新疆維吾爾自治區去極端化條例（XRD）於2018年10月進行了修訂，以授權建立VETC和轉介個人參加住宅項目，儘管轉介到 VETC 的浪潮早在2017年4月就已經開始了。

46、Secondly, as described above, the grounds on which individuals can be referred to and placed in VETCs encompass conduct that is prima facie lawful, including as an expression or manifestation of the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms. Various innocuous reasons for referral to a VETC are described in the so-called 「Karakax list」, a document which is in the public domain appearing to be a Government document possibly from 2019 and highly likely to be authentic. This list, consisting of a spreadsheet with information about Uyghur 「trainees」 in VETC facilities in one specific district in XUAR, includes 311 individuals and the reasons for their referral. These reasons include having too many children, being an 「unsafe person,」 being born in certain years, being an ex-convict, wearing a veil or beard, having applied for a passport and not having left the country, and so on. Similar reasons for referral were reported to OHCHR by former detainees, who described referral to VETC facilities for travelling or for having foreign connections, attempting to cancel their Chinese citizenship, possessing dual registration in a neighbouring country, or for having downloaded WhatsApp. Others were simply told that they were on a list or that a quota had to be fulfilled. Due to the subjective means by which assessments appear to be conducted, the risk of arbitrary detention of persons in VETC facilities is acute.

此外，如上所述，XIM和XRD的範圍很模糊，容易受到過於寬泛的解釋，因此具有任意和歧視性的應用。其次，如上所述，個人可以依據的理由被提及和置於VETC中的行為包括表面上合法的行為，包括作為行使基本權利和自由的表達或表現。所謂的「Karakax清單」中描述了轉介到VETC的各種無害原因，該文件屬於公共領域，可能是2019年的政府文件，極有可能是真實的。這份清單由一份電子表格組成，其中包含新疆維吾爾自治區一個特定地區VETC設施中維吾爾「學員」的信息，其中包括311人及其轉診原因。這些原因包括孩子太多、「不安全的人」、出生在特定年份、前罪犯、戴面紗或鬍鬚、已申請護照但沒有離開該國，等等。前被拘留者向人權高專辦報告了類似的轉介原因，他們描述了被轉介到VETC設施的原因是旅行或有外國聯繫、試圖取消其中國公民身份、在鄰國擁有雙重註冊或下載了WhatsApp。其他人只是被告知他們在名單上或必須完成配額。由於評估似乎採用主觀方式，在 VETC設施中任意拘留人員的風險非常高。

48. Thirdly, placements in VETCs appear to lack the process due in any context of detention, effectively depriving concerned individuals of the safeguards and protections that must accompany detentions as a matter of international law. Detainees do not appear to have access to lawyers or to be informed of the duration for their placement or the criteria for release, which are not spelled out in the law. Persons with which OHCHR spoke described some form of process, often shortly before their release, at which they were 「informed」 of their wrongdoing , of the authorities' leniency in their case and of their sentencing to a prison term that subsequently seemed to have been waived (as evidenced by their release). These accounts comport and align with other indications that, around October 2018, there was an attempt to retroactively 「regularize」 the status of people in the VETC facilities. As explained above, on 9 October 2018, XUAR laws were amended to explicitly authorize their establishme nt and use. In a video published on 16 October 2018, the Government also referred to 「twice inform and once announce」 sessions, a quasi-legal process in which the authorities inform the person and their family about the nature of their involvement in terrorist activities, further inform them about the nature of their involvement in 「extremist」 activities, and thereupon announce the Government's policy of showing leniency in accordance with the law. One interviewee described his experience as follows: 「I was not told what I was there for and how long I would be there. I was asked to confess a crime, but I did not know what I was supposed to confess to.」

第三，在VETC中的安置似乎缺乏在任何拘留情況下應有的程序，實際上剝奪了有關個人根據國際法必須伴隨拘留的保障和保護。被拘留者似乎無法接觸律師，也無法獲知他們的安置期限或釋放標準，這些都沒有在法律中明確規定。人權高專辦與之交談的人描述了某種形式的程序，通常是在他們獲釋前不久，他們被「告知」他們的不當行為、當局對其案件的寬大處理以及他們隨後似乎已被判處有期徒刑的情況。放棄（如他們的釋放所證明）。這些賬戶與其他跡象一致，即在2018年10月左右，有人試圖追溯「規範」VETC設施中人員的身份。如上所述，2018年10月9日，新疆維吾爾自治區法律進行了修訂，明確授權其建立和使用。在2018年10月16日發布的一段視頻中，政府還提到了「兩次通知一次宣布」會議，這是一種准法律程序，當局在該程序中告知個人及其家人他們參與恐怖活動的性質，進一步告知其參與「極端主義」活動的性質，並隨即宣布政府依法從寬的政策。一位受訪者描述了他的經歷：「我沒有被告知我在那裡的目的和時間會在那裡。我被要求認罪，但我不知道我應該向什麼認罪。」

49、A number of interviewees described being 「sentenced」 in the VETC facility, and some described being brought to the 「court」 in groups. No lawyers were present at these sessions and persons interviewed reported being required to 「choose」 their offences from a list of some 75 or 72 「crimes」. Such proceedings – in many cases taking place after months of detention – suggest that the criminal and administrative tracks to address allegations of 「extremism」 and 「terrorism」 offences have in practice often been intertwined, with criminal proceedings apparently being used to pressure people into accepting a referral to a VETC facility, to retroactively justify such referrals, or to curtail and control people post-release through a provisional release order that can be revoked. In essence, the combination of these processes provides officials with effective power of extraordinary breadth to subject individuals to deprivation of liberty and to return them thereto after release.

許多受訪者描述在VETC設施中被「判刑」，一些人描述被集體帶到「法庭」。在這些會議上沒有律師在場，受訪者報告說被要求從大約75或72項「罪行」清單中「選擇」他們的罪行。此類訴訟——在許多情況下是在拘留數月後進行的——表明處理「極端主義」和「恐怖主義」罪行指控的刑事和行政途徑在實踐中經常交織在一起，刑事訴訟顯然被用來迫使人們接受轉介到VETC設施，以追溯證明此類轉介的合理性，或通過可撤銷的臨時釋放令限制和控制釋放后的人員。從本質上講，這些過程的結合為官員提供了非常廣泛的有效權力，可以剝奪個人的自由並在釋放后將其送回。

50、Fourthly, the nature and functional purpose of the educational programmes in VETC facilities also pose concern given their orientation towards political re-education. The XIM states that the purpose of the VETCs is to both educate and rehabilitate people who have been influenced by 「extremism」, including in 「occupational skills education and training centres and other education and transformation establishments」. The Government』s White Paper on 「Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang」 states that the VETCs 「deliver a curriculum that includes standard spoken and written Chinese, understanding of the law, vocational skills, and deradicalization.」 In its examination of China under the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) and the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), the ILO Committee of Experts on the Enforcement and Application of Standards expressed concern that the vocational training policy was 「at least in part carried out in high-security and high surveillance settings」 and requested the Government to re-orient the mandate of vocational training and education centres 「from political re-education based on administrative detention towards the broader purposes of the Convention」, namely full, productive and freely chosen employment. OHCHR requested but did not receive from the Government information on the curriculum and skills recognition system in the centres. First-hand accounts to OHCHR, however, revealed a strong emphasis on 「political teachings」 and rehabilitation based on self-criticism. Such coercive administrative measures are considered 「inherently arbitrary」 by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.

第四，VETC設施中教育項目的性質和功能目的也引起了人們的關注，因為它們面向政治再教育。XIM 指出，VETC的目的是教育和康復受「極端主義」影響的人，包括「職業技能教育和培訓中心以及其他教育和轉型機構」。政府關於「新疆職業教育與培訓」的白皮書指出，職業技術培訓中心「提供的課程包括普通話和書面語、法律知識、職業技能和去極端化。」在根據1958年（就業和職業）歧視公約（第111號）和1964年就業政策公約（第122號）對中國進行審查時，國際勞工組織標準執行和應用專家委員會對職業培訓政策「至少部分在高度安全和高度監視的環境中實施」，並要求政府重新定位職業培訓和教育中心的任務，「從基於行政拘留的政治再教育轉向更廣泛的目的公約」，即充分、生產性和自由選擇的就業。人權高專辦要求政府提供有關中心課程和技能認可系統的信息，但沒有收到。然而，對人權高專辦的第一手資料顯示，他們非常強調「政治教義」和基於自我批評的康復。聯合國任意拘留問題工作組認為此類強制性行政措施「本質上是任意的」。

51、Finally, considering that the criteria for referral to VETC facilities are in large measure based on forms of ethnic, religious and cultural identity and expression, there is a significant concern that deprivations of liberty in VETC facilities are applied discriminatorily, which compounds the arbitrary character of detention in the centres.

最後，考慮到轉介到VETC設施的標準在很大程度上是基於種族、宗教和文化身份和表達形式的，人們非常擔心VETC設施中的剝奪自由被歧視性地適用，這加劇了拘留中心。

52. The Government has not released official data about the number of individuals who have undergone re-education in VETCs. In 2018, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination noted that 「estimates of the number of people detained range from tens of thousands to over a million」, and called on the Government to provide statistics for the past five years. In response, the Government asserted that it was not possible to state the number of those taking part in education and training, because it 「is dynamic, as people are continuously coming and going,」 a position it has maintained since.

政府尚未公布有關在VETC接受再教育的人數的官方數據。2018年，聯合國消除種族歧視委員會指出，「據估計，被拘留的人數從幾萬人到超過一百萬人不等」，並呼籲政府提供過去五年的統計數據。政府聲稱無法說明參加教育和培訓的人數，因為它「是動態的，因為人們不斷地來來往往」，此後一直保持這一立場。

53、Various official Government documents and statements, however, give indication as to the scale of the programme. The 2019 White Paper on 「Vocational Training and Education in Xinjiang」 suggests that it was intended not just for isolated cases, but for 「many people」. Moreover, some Government documents and statements, predating 2017, provide insight into the authorities』 perception of the 「extremist」 threat in XUAR and corresponding needs for 「education」, which further suggest the potential of impacting significant proportions of the relevant population in XUAR.Additionally, Government documents that are in the public domain and appear credible refer not only to the existence of VETC facilities across the geographic span of XUAR, but indicate a large-scale bureaucracy and methodology is in place for their operation and implementation. Available satellite imagery from public sources similarly provide indications of many structures with security features such as high walls, watch towers, and barbed-wired external and internal fencing, which appear to have been established or expanded across XUAR, since 2016, concurrent with the 「Strike Hard」 campaign.

然而，政府的各種官方文件和聲明都表明了該計劃的規模。2019年《新疆職業培訓與教育》白皮書表明，它不僅針對孤立案例，還針對「多人」。此外，2017年之前的一些政府文件和聲明提供了有關當局對新疆「極端主義」威脅的看法以及對「教育」的相應需求的洞察，這進一步表明可能影響到新疆相當大比例的相關人口。此外，公有領域且看起來可信的政府文件不僅提到了新疆維吾爾自治區地理範圍內VETC設施的存在，而且表明其運作和實施具有大規模的官僚機構和方法。來自公共來源的可用衛星圖像同樣提供了許多具有安全特徵的結構的跡象，例如高牆、瞭望塔以及帶刺的外部和內部圍欄，自2016年以來似乎已經在新疆建立或擴展了這些結構，同時「嚴打」運動。

54、Individuals with direct knowledge and personal experience of detention in VETC facilities told OHCHR that they had been held alongside many others and that they personally knew numerous other relatives and friends placed in VETC facilities. As one person described it, 「every neighbour had someone in the camps or 『taken to study』, as they call it.」 Individuals interviewed by OHCHR were held in VETC facilities in at least eight different geographic locations spread across XUAR.

直接了解和親身經歷過VETC設施拘留的個人告訴人權高專辦，他們曾與許多其他人一起被關押，並且他們個人認識許多其他被安置在VETC設施中的親戚和朋友。正如一個人所描述的那樣，「每個鄰居都有人在營地里，或者他們稱之為『被帶去學習』。」人權高專辦採訪的個人被關押在新疆維吾爾自治區至少八個不同地理位置的VETC設施中。

55、In the absence of officially available data, other researchers have drawn on a combination of sources and data points to assess and estimate the extent of the affected population. These include documents that appear to be official, tender notices, and satellite imagery, shedding light on the scale of detention in VETC facilities. Some analysis is also based on documents that appear to provide information about the detention status of residents from various prefectures and counties in XUAR. Based on the methodology employed, it has been estimated that around 10-20 per cent of the adult 「ethnic population」 in these counties and townships were subjected to some form of detention between 2017 and 2018. 

在沒有官方可用數據的情況下，其他研究人員利用來源和數據點的組合來評估和估計受影響人口的範圍.這些包括看似正式的文件、招標通知和衛星圖像，揭示了VETC設施的拘留規模。一些分析還基於似乎提供有關新疆各州和縣居民被拘留狀況信息的文件。根據所採用的方法，據估計，在2017年至2018年期間，這些縣和鄉鎮約有10%至20%的成年「少數民族人口」受到某種形式的拘留。

56. On the basis of the information currently before it, OHCHR is not in a position to confirm estimates of total numbers of individuals affected by the VETC system. Cumulatively, however, these different sources of information support a conclusion that the system of VETC facilities was intended and operated on a wide scale spanning the geographic entirety of the region. In the absence of plausible information indicating the contrary, and while a specific number of detainees in VETC facilities cannot be confirmed, a reasonable conclusion can be drawn from the available information that the number of individuals in the VETCs, at least between 2017 and 2019, was very significant, comprising a substantial proportion of the Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minority populations.

根據目前掌握的信息，人權高專辦無法確認對受VETC系統影響的個人總數的估計。然而，總的來說，這些不同的信息來源支持了這樣一個結論，即VETC設施系統的目的是在整個地區的地理範圍內廣泛運行。在沒有表明相反的可信信息的情況下，雖然無法確認VETC設施中被拘留者的具體人數，但可以從現有信息中得出合理的結論，即至少在2017年至2019年之間，VETC中的個人人數是非常重要，占維吾爾族和其他以穆斯林為主的少數民族人口的很大一部分。

57、In summary, based on the information reviewed, it is reasonable to conclude that a pattern of large-scale arbitrary detention occurred in VETC facilities, at least during 2017 to 2019, affecting a significant proportion of the Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minority community in XUAR. The Government has indicated that VETC facilities are now closed and that all 「trainees have graduated」, thereby suggesting that these facilities may no longer be in use. OHCHR is not in a position to confirm this, which is primarily due to the lack of relevant official or other information since the end of 2019 and access for on-the-ground verification. Regardless, considerable concerns remain, most notably due to the fact that the legal and policy framework that underpins the operation of the VETC system remains in place and, to the extent not currently employed, could be re- engaged at any point.

總之，根據所審查的信息，有理由得出結論，至少在2017年至2019年期間，VETC設施中發生了大規模任意拘留的模式，影響了新疆維吾爾族和其他以穆斯林為主的少數民族社區的很大一部分。政府表示，VETC設施現已關閉，所有「學員都已畢業」，因此表明這些設施可能不再使用。人權高專辦無法證實這一點，這主要是由於自2019年底以來缺乏相關的官方或其他信息以及無法進行實地核查。無論如何，仍然存在相當大的擔憂，最明顯的是，支持VETC系統運行的法律和政策框架仍然存在，並且在目前未採用的範圍內，可以隨時重新使用。

B、Detention through the criminal justice system

通過刑事司法系統拘留

58、Alongside the mass referral of individuals to VETC facilities, there appears to have been a marked increase in criminal arrests, convictions, and imposition of lengthy prison sentences in XUAR.

除了將個人大規模轉介到VETC設施外，新疆維吾爾自治區的刑事逮捕、定罪和長期監禁的案件似乎也顯著增加。

59、Government information indicates an increase in criminal cases in 2018, amounting to a 25.1 per cent increase over the average amount in the preceding five years. Similarly, in 2019, the figure was 19.2 per cent higher than the average of the preceding five years.OHCHR notes that China has in general a 99.9 per cent conviction rate in criminal cases.The Government has stated that in many counties the proportion of defendants of ethnic minorities in criminal convictions is lower than the proportion of ethnic minorities in the total population of that region, without providing disaggregated data for the proportion of ethnic minorities convicted for terrorism or state security related crimes.

政府信息顯示，2018年刑事案件有所增加，比前五年的平均水平增加了25.1%。同樣，在2019年，這一數字比前五年的平均水平高出19.2%。人權高專辦指出，中國的刑事案件定罪率總體上達到99.9%。政府表示，在許多國家，被告人的比例少數民族在刑事定罪中的比例低於該地區少數民族在該地區總人口中的比例，沒有提供少數民族因恐怖主義或國家安全相關犯罪被定罪的比例的分類數據。

60. The Government has stated that between 2013 and 2017, the XUAR courts completed 297,000 criminal cases. Based on official statistics, it would appear that the bulk of these cases were completed in 2017. According to the Government's information, the number of detainees in public security agencies in XUAR increased by 35 per cent in 2017 and by about eight per cent in 2018 year on year.

政府表示，2013年至2017年，新疆法院共審結刑事案件29.7萬件。根據官方統計，這些案件似乎大部分是在2017年結案的。根據政府提供的信息，公安機關在押人員的數量新疆維吾爾自治區的代理機構在2017年同比增長35%，在2018年同比增長約8%。

61、Another change in 2017 was the increase in the number of people given sentences of five years or longer. Prior to 2017, approximately 10.8 per cent of the total number of people sentenced in XUAR received sentences of over five years. In 2017, that figure rose to 87 per cent of the sentences. According to official Government statistics, during 2017 alone, XUAR courts sentenced 86,655 defendants, or 10 times more than in the previous year, to prison terms of five years or longer, although again it is not possible to disaggregate the number charged and convicted for terrorism or 「extremism」-related offences.

2017年的另一個變化是被判處五年或更長刑期的人數增加。2017年之前，在新疆被判刑的總人數中，約有10.8% 的人被判處5年以上徒刑。2017年，這一數字上升到刑期的87%。根據政府官方統計，僅在2017年期間，新疆法院就判處86655名被告人，是上一年的10倍，判處5年或更長的徒刑，但同樣無法分清因恐怖主義被指控和定罪的人數或「極端主義」相關的罪行。

62、Data remains incomplete and similar data for 2020 and beyond has not been made available. This makes it difficult to consider these statistics in the context of a longer timeframe, determining whether it may have been a spike or part of a larger trend, and whether increased convictions disproportionally affect specific groups of the population. However, even if the spike in 2017-2018 was short term, it necessarily implies a significantly increased prison population in Xinjiang persisting today as sentences continue to be served. In a statement of April 2021, the Government confirmed that almost one-third of 10,708 entries in the 「Xinjiang Data Project」, 「Xinjiang Victims Database」 and 「Uyghur Transitional Justice Database」, civil society-run platforms used primarily by family members seeking information on the whereabouts of loved ones in XUAR, pertain to criminal convicts serving sentences 「for crimes of violent terrorism and criminal offences」.

數據仍然不完整，2020年及以後的類似數據尚未提供。這使得很難在更長的時間範圍內考慮這些統計數據，確定它可能是一個高峰還是更大趨勢的一部分，以及增加的定罪是否不成比例地影響特定的人口群體。然而，即使2017-2018年的高峰是短期的，也必然意味著新疆監獄人口的顯著增加持續到今天，因為刑期仍在繼續。在2021年4月的一份聲明中，政府證實，在「新疆數據項目」「新疆受害者資料庫」和「維吾爾過渡司法資料庫」的10708個條目中，近三分之一是民間社會運營的平台，主要供尋求有關新疆親人下落的信息，涉及「因暴力恐怖主義罪和刑事犯罪」服刑的刑事罪犯。

63、Furthermore, the new construction or expansion of buildings, with high security features, especially after 2019, visible through public source satellite imagery (Google Earth), appears to suggest an increase in detention facilities being established likely to accommodate corresponding increases in detainees, both pre-trial and following conviction. At the same time, existing prisons have been expanded in numerous locations. By way of illustrative example, the Urumqi No.3 Detention Centre in Dabancheng has increased considerably in size from 2018 to 2020, with the number of buildings on the compound increased from 40 in 2018 to 68 in 2019 and 92 in 2020.

此外，通過公共資源衛星圖像（谷歌地球）可見，具有高度安全功能的建築物的新建或擴建，尤其是2019 年之後，似乎表明正在建立的拘留設施可能會增加被拘留者的數量，這兩者都是-審判和定罪。與此同時，現有監獄已在許多地方擴建。舉例來說，達坂城烏魯木齊第三看守所的規模從2018年到2020年大幅增加，院內建築數量從2018年的40棟增加到2019年的68棟和2020年的92棟。

64、OHCHR examined a cross-sample of available judicial decisions in cases alleging terrorism or 「extremism」 with respect to defendants from ethnic communities in XUAR in the period 2014-2019. The number of publicly available and relevant court decisions is limited and may not necessarily be representative of the totality of judicial practice, but those that are available provide important insights into the way the judiciary has interpreted acts of religious 「extremism」. These include relatively minor infractions apparently punished severely; judgments referring to conduct being 「extremist」 despite none of the formal charges being related to terrorism or 「extremism」; courts labelling acts as 「extremist」 without explaining how they fulfilled the applicable legal definition(s); the apparent targeting of underlying religious behaviour rather than the actual act for which the person is being prosecuted; and indications of an approach that considers any type of violation of law committed by a Muslim person as presumptively 「extremist」.

人權高專辦審查了2014年至2019年期間新疆少數民族社區被告涉嫌恐怖主義或「極端主義」的案件中可用的司法裁決的交叉樣本。公開的相關法院判決數量有限，不一定能代表整個司法實踐，但現有的判決為司法部門解釋宗教「極端主義」行為的方式提供了重要見解。其中包括明顯受到嚴厲懲罰的相對輕微的違規行為；儘管沒有任何正式指控與恐怖主義或「極端主義」有關，但仍將行為稱為「極端主義」的判決；法院將行為標記為「極端分子」，但沒有解釋他們如何滿足適用的法律定義；明顯針對潛在的宗教行為，而不是該人被起訴的實際行為；以及將穆斯林人犯下的任何類型的違法行為視為推定為「極端主義」的做法的跡象。

65. OHCHR also reviewed numerous reporting and data documenting the arrest and imprisonment, often on lengthy custodial sentences, of prominent scholars, artists and intellectuals from the Uyghur community, including during the 「Strike Hard」 period. Several such cases have been taken up by UN human rights mechanisms. Beyond the general human rights concerns already identified, criminal prosecution and detention of such individuals has a broader deleterious effect on the life of their community.

人權高專辦還審查了許多報告和數據，這些報告和數據記錄了維吾爾社區著名學者、藝術家和知識分子被逮捕和監禁的情況，通常是長期監禁，包括在「嚴打」時期。聯合國人權機制已受理了幾起此類案件。除了已經確定的一般人權問題之外，對此類個人的刑事起訴和拘留對其社區生活具有更廣泛的有害影響。

66、This information is complemented by first-hand accounts gathered by OHCHR from overseas family members of Uyghurs and Kazakhs who are serving lengthy custodial sentences for alleged terrorism and 「extremism」 related offences. Their accounts provide further insight into how religious behaviour and/or perceived 「terrorist」 activities, such as travelling abroad or sending funds overseas, have been heavily criminalised and punished in XUAR.

人權高專辦從維吾爾人和哈薩克人的海外家庭成員那裡收集到的第一手資料補充了這些信息，這些人因涉嫌恐怖主義和「極端主義」相關罪行而正在服長期監禁。

67、While a specific determination of the extent to which the dramatic increase in incarceration rates over recent years has resulted in arbitrary detention is not possible based on the information available at this stage, the information reviewed by OHCHR raises wider concerns. This is in the context of how a criminal justice system, marked by overly broad and vague definitions of crimes, limits on due process rights and lack of judicial independence, may be leading to broader patterns of arbitrary deprivation of liberty in the context of the criminal justice system.

他們的敘述進一步揭示了宗教行為和/或被認為是「恐怖主義」活動，例如出國旅行或向海外匯款，在新疆如何被嚴重定罪和懲罰。同時具體確定了監禁急劇增加的程度根據現階段可獲得的信息，最近幾年的比率導致任意拘留是不可能的，人權高專辦審查的信息引起了更廣泛的關注。這是在刑事司法系統的背景下，其特點是對罪行的定義過於寬泛和模糊，對正當程序權利的限制和缺乏司法獨立性，可能會導致在刑事犯罪背景下司法系統更廣泛的任意剝奪自由模式。

68、In summary, the trend of increased number and length of imprisonments through the criminal justice system in XUAR strongly suggests there has been a shift towards formal incarcerations as the principal means for large-scale imprisonment and deprivation of liberty. This is of particular concern given the vague and capacious definitions of terrorism, 「extremism」 and public security related offences under domestic criminal law, that may lead to criminal prosecutions and the imposition of lengthy custodial sentences, including for minor offences or for engaging in conduct protected by international human rights law.

總之，新疆刑事司法系統監禁的數量和時間增加的趨勢強烈表明，正式監禁已成為大規模監禁和剝奪自由的主要手段。鑒於國內刑法對恐怖主義、「極端主義」和與公共安全有關的犯罪的定義模糊而寬泛，這尤其令人擔憂，這可能導致刑事起訴和判處長期監禁，包括對輕微犯罪或從事行為受國際人權法保護。

• [09/04]轉發：谷歌《聯合國人權署新疆人權評估（中英文1）》
• [09/04]轉發：谷歌《聯合國人權署新疆人權評估（中英文2）》
• [09/04]三星堆人究竟來自哪裡（立刻看視頻）
• [09/05]谷歌翻譯聯合國新疆人權評估1-2
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