劉龍珠律師法律評論：分手后散布前女友裸照違法嗎？

劉龍珠律師法律評論：分手后散布前女友裸照違法嗎？

如今網路上信息繁雜，一些別有用心之人也會藉機散布不雅信息，比如一對曾經熱戀的情侶分手后，男生心中充滿憤恨，於是將前女友的裸照發到網上，這種做法會觸犯法律嗎？直到2013年加州才通過專門規制這種行為的法律，下文劉律師將分析這種行為相關的刑事法律。

一、色情報復 (revenge porn)

來自聖地亞哥的Kevin Christopher Bollaert曾經經營著一個名叫UGotPosted.com的網站，網站用戶可以在不經他/她人同意的情況下上傳他/她人的不雅照片（即裸照等）以及姓名、住址、Facebook賬號等個人信息。這個網站後來就成為了一些對前女友或者前妻心存憤恨的人的分享集中營，他們在不經前女友或者前妻同意的情況下上傳了她們的不雅照片以及個人信息。從2012年12月2日到2013年9月17日，有超過1萬張不雅照片被上傳到此網站。這些照片以及信息被上傳后，Kevin就會給受害人發郵件告訴她們最多付350美元就可以將她們的不雅照片從網上刪除。

這些不雅照片以及個人信息被上傳后，許多女性受害者會莫名接收到來自陌生男性的線上或者線下騷擾，她們活在恐懼、羞辱中，遭受了不可磨滅的創傷。直到2013年2月，在對Kevin的庭審上，21名受害人指證Kevin的罪行，最終他才被控訴犯下了21起身份盜竊案件 (identity theft) 和6起敲詐勒索案件 (extortion) ，被判處18年監禁。

雖然Kevin並沒有被定罪為色情報復，但他的案件的確推動了加州2013年色情報復法律的出台。

根據加州刑法典第647 (j) (4)條，色情報復是指行為人為了給他/她人造成精神折磨，故意散布他/她人的不雅照片。這裡的「散布」行為並不一定是要通過網路來進行，也就是說，傳閱紙質版不雅照也構成色情報復。這裡的不雅照片是指他/她人身體的私密部位的照片或者是他/她人進行性行為時的場景的照片，也就是說，即使行為人散布的不雅照片中有行為人自己，也構成色情報復。

通常，實施色情報復的行為人都是曾經與受害人是情侶或者夫妻，在其伴侶關係存續期間獲取了受害人的不雅照片，與受害人分手之後為了羞辱受害人而故意散布受害人的不雅照片。

色情報復在加州屬輕罪，初犯可被判最多6個月的監禁，再犯或者在受害人是未成年人的情況下，行為人可被判1年的監禁。

二、兒童色情 (kiddie porn)

前文闡述的是不雅照片散布者和受害人都是成年人的情況，如果任何一方主體是未成年人（即未滿18歲），那麼就要看看是否觸犯加州的兒童色情法律。

在分析不同的兒童色情法律之前，需要明確兒童色情作品的定義。兒童色情作品是指，任何載體形式的描繪著未成年人的性行為的資料。

具體來說，有以下五種情形：

1、加州刑法典第311.1條和第311.2條——製作以及散布兒童色情作品

這兩條法律禁止以散布、展示或者交換為目的，發送、運輸、製作、持有或者複製任何兒童色情作品。

例如，A將一個9歲女孩進行性行為的場景拍下來並告訴網友願以100美元一張的價格出賣這些照片。A的行為涉嫌以散布為目的，製作兒童色情作品，更嚴重的是，A還試圖出賣手中的兒童色情作品來盈利，這將加重其罪行。

通常法官在量刑時會考慮以下因素：

（1）      被傳播的內容是否是淫穢兒童色情作品；

（2）      行為人是否意圖向未成年人散布或者展示淫穢兒童色情作品；

（3）      行為人是否試圖從散布淫穢兒童色情作品中盈利（主要指金錢利益）。

視具體情節，行為人可被判不同程度的刑罰。如果犯罪情節不嚴重，案件性質被定義為輕罪，行為人可被判1年監禁以及1千或者2千美元的罰金；如果犯罪情節嚴重，案件性質被定義為重罪，行為人可被判16個月～6年的監禁，以及1萬或者10萬美元的罰金。

2、加州刑法典第311.3條——非法色情利用未成年人

這一法律禁止非法利用未成年人，複製、列印或者交換任何兒童色情作品。這一條罪名並不要求行為人有散布、交換或者展示色情作品的意圖（目的）。

例如，B開了一家照相館，為了增加生意，B在其宣傳廣告中說本照相館承接任何照片列印，這吸引了一批兒童色情作品愛好者，他們將自己拍攝的兒童色情照片交給B來沖印。儘管B並不是這些兒童色情照片的製作者，但是他沖印兒童色情照片的行為足以被起訴觸犯加州刑法典第311.3條。

初次觸犯此法律構成輕罪，行為人可被判處1年監禁和2千美元罰金；再犯或者多次觸犯此法律構成重罪，行為人可被判處16個月～3年的監禁，以及1萬美元的罰金。

3、加州刑法典第311.4條——雇傭或者利用未成年人來製作兒童色情作品

這一法律禁止在明知參與攝製的有未成年人的情況下，雇傭、利用、勸說或者強迫任何未成年人參與兒童色情作品的攝製。這條罪名的成立並不要求行為人本人來製作兒童色情作品。

例如，C潛入了一高中女更衣室旁邊的雜物間，並在雜物間的牆上鑽了一個孔，偷偷拍下了女高中生們換衣服的場景。即使這些女高中生並不知道她們被偷拍了，並且C並沒有要求這些女高中生參與這些照片的拍攝，C仍然觸犯了加州刑法典第311.4條。

依據具體犯罪情節，觸犯此法律的行為可被定性為輕罪或者重罪。如果犯罪情節較輕，通常情況下即不以盈利為目的，行為人可被判處1年監禁以及2千美元的罰金；如果犯罪情節較重，即以盈利為目的，或者是不以盈利為目的但強迫或者說服未成年人或其父母參與兒童色情作品的製作，這時行為人可被判處16個月～8年的監禁，以及1萬或者5萬美元的罰金。

4、加州刑法典第311.10條——宣傳兒童色情作品

這條法律禁止在明知淫穢兒童色情作品中有未成年人的情況下，以銷售或者散布為目的，宣傳淫穢兒童色情作品。

這條罪名主要有兩個構成要件：

（1）      以銷售或者散布為目的，宣傳淫穢資料；

（2）      行為人明知這些淫穢資料中有未成年人進行性行為的場景。

如果犯罪情節較輕，行為人可以按輕罪被判處1年監禁以及1千美元的罰金；如果犯罪情節較重，行為人可以按重罪被判處2～4年的監禁以及5萬美元的罰金。

5、加州刑法典第311.11條——持有兒童色情作品

這條法律禁止持有兒童色情作品。這條罪名有三個構成要件：

（1）涉案的兒童色情作品是使用現實生活中的未成年人來製作的；

（2）行為人持有兒童色情作品；

（3）行為人明知其持有的是兒童色情作品。

但是如果涉案的淫穢作品中並沒有使用真實的未成年人，那就不構成持有兒童色情作品罪。例如，D在其電腦硬碟中存有大量日本色情漫畫，漫畫中有未成年人進行性行為的內容。這裡D的行為並不構成持有兒童色情作品罪，因為這些色情漫畫並不是用真實的未成年人的形象來製作的。

初次觸犯此法律可構成輕罪或者重罪，如果法官將案件定性為輕罪，行為人可被判1年監禁和2,500美元的罰金；如果法官將案件定性為重罪，行為人可被判處16個月～3年的監禁和1萬美元的罰金。再犯或者有性犯罪前科將構成重罪，行為人可被判處16個月～6年的監禁和1萬美元的罰金。

並且，在加州，性犯罪記錄將跟隨行為人一輩子，無法抹除。

例外情形

以上五種情形不適用於兩類人群：（1）法律上或者經濟上獨立的未成年人 (emancipated minors)；（2）夫妻間的合法性行為，例如一名19歲的丈夫錄製與他17歲的妻子之間的性行為視頻並不會觸犯兒童色情法律。

同時，如果行為人是基於以下兩種合法目的，前文列舉的種種行為也不會觸犯兒童色情法律：（1）執法機關的犯罪調查和犯罪指控活動；（2）合法的醫學、科學研究或者教育活動。

法律原文：

CA Penal Code

647(j)(4)

(A) Any person who intentionally distributes the image of the intimate body part or parts of another identifiable person, or an image of the person depicted engaged in an act of sexual intercourse, sodomy, oral copulation, sexual penetration, or an image of masturbation by the person depicted or in which the person depicted participates, under circumstances in which the persons agree or understand that the image shall remain private, the person distributing the image knows or should know that distribution of the image will cause serious emotional distress, and the person depicted suffers that distress.

(B) A person intentionally distributes an image described in subparagraph (A) when he or she personally distributes the image, or arranges, specifically requests, or intentionally causes another person to distribute that image.

(C) As used in this paragraph, 「intimate body part」 means any portion of the genitals, the anus and in the case of a female, also includes any portion of the breasts below the top of the areola, that is either uncovered or clearly visible through clothing.

(D) It shall not be a violation of this paragraph to distribute an image described in subparagraph (A) if any of the following applies:

(i) The distribution is made in the course of reporting an unlawful activity.

(ii) The distribution is made in compliance with a subpoena or other court order for use in a legal proceeding.

(iii) The distribution is made in the course of a lawful public proceeding.

311.1.

(a) Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, develops, duplicates, or prints any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip, with intent to distribute or to exhibit to, or to exchange with, others, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to, or exchanges with, others, any obscene matter, knowing that the matter depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct, as defined in Section 311.4, shall be punished either by imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year, by a fine not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment in the state prison, by a fine not to exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by the fine and imprisonment.

(b) This section does not apply to the activities of law enforcement and prosecuting agencies in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses or to legitimate medical, scientific, or educational activities, or to lawful conduct between spouses.

(c) This section does not apply to matter which depicts a child under the age of 18, which child is legally emancipated, including lawful conduct between spouses when one or both are under the age of 18.

(d) It does not constitute a violation of this section for a telephone corporation, as defined by Section 234 of the Public Utilities Code, to carry or transmit messages described in this chapter or perform related activities in providing telephone services.

(Amended by Stats. 1996, Ch. 1080, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1997.)

311.2.

(a) Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, or prints, with intent to distribute or to exhibit to others, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to others, any obscene matter is for a first offense, guilty of a misdemeanor. If the person has previously been convicted of any violation of this section, the court may, in addition to the punishment authorized in Section 311.9, impose a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars ($50,000).

(b) Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, develops, duplicates, or prints any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip, with intent to distribute or to exhibit to, or to exchange with, others for commercial consideration, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to, or exchanges with, others for commercial consideration, any obscene matter, knowing that the matter depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct, as defined in Section 311.4, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or six years, or by a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), in the absence of a finding that the defendant would be incapable of paying that fine, or by both that fine and imprisonment.

(c) Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, develops, duplicates, or prints any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip, with intent to distribute or exhibit to, or to exchange with, a person 18 years of age or older, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to, or exchanges with, a person 18 years of age or older any matter, knowing that the matter depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct, as defined in Section 311.4, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment in the state prison. It is not necessary to prove commercial consideration or that the matter is obscene in order to establish a violation of this subdivision. If a person has been previously convicted of a violation of this subdivision, he or she is guilty of a felony.

(d) Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, develops, duplicates, or prints any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip, with intent to distribute or exhibit to, or to exchange with, a person under 18 years of age, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to, or exchanges with, a person under 18 years of age any matter, knowing that the matter depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct, as defined in Section 311.4, is guilty of a felony. It is not necessary to prove commercial consideration or that the matter is obscene in order to establish a violation of this subdivision.

(e) Subdivisions (a) to (d), inclusive, do not apply to the activities of law enforcement and prosecuting agencies in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses, to legitimate medical, scientific, or educational activities, or to lawful conduct between spouses.

(f) This section does not apply to matter that depicts a legally emancipated child under the age of 18 years or to lawful conduct between spouses when one or both are under the age of 18 years.

(g) It does not constitute a violation of this section for a telephone corporation, as defined by Section 234 of the Public Utilities Code, to carry or transmit messages described in this chapter or to perform related activities in providing telephone services.

(Amended by Stats. 2006, Ch. 337, Sec. 20. Effective September 20, 2006.)

311.3.

(a) A person is guilty of sexual exploitation of a child if he or she knowingly develops, duplicates, prints, or exchanges any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip that depicts a person under the age of 18 years engaged in an act of sexual conduct.

(b) As used in this section, 「sexual conduct」 means any of the following:

(1) Sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex or between humans and animals.

(2) Penetration of the vagina or rectum by any object.

(3) Masturbation for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer.

(4) Sadomasochistic abuse for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer.

(5) Exhibition of the genitals or the pubic or rectal area of any person for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer.

(6) Defecation or urination for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer.

(c) Subdivision (a) does not apply to the activities of law enforcement and prosecution agencies in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses or to legitimate medical, scientific, or educational activities, or to lawful conduct between spouses.

(d) Every person who violates subdivision (a) shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000) or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. If the person has been previously convicted of a violation of subdivision (a) or any section of this chapter, he or she shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison.

(e) The provisions of this section do not apply to an employee of a commercial film developer who is acting within the scope of his or her employment and in accordance with the instructions of his or her employer, provided that the employee has no financial interest in the commercial developer by which he or she is employed.

(f) Subdivision (a) does not apply to matter that is unsolicited and is received without knowledge or consent through a facility, system, or network over which the person or entity has no control.

(Amended by Stats. 1996, Ch. 1080, Sec. 4.1. Effective January 1, 1997.)

311.4.

(a) Every person who, with knowledge that a person is a minor, or who, while in possession of any facts on the basis of which he or she should reasonably know that the person is a minor, hires, employs, or uses the minor to do or assist in doing any of the acts described in Section 311.2, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment in the state prison. If the person has previously been convicted of any violation of this section, the court may, in addition to the punishment authorized in Section 311.9, impose a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars ($50,000).

(b) Every person who, with knowledge that a person is a minor under the age of 18 years, or who, while in possession of any facts on the basis of which he or she should reasonably know that the person is a minor under the age of 18 years, knowingly promotes, employs, uses, persuades, induces, or coerces a minor under the age of 18 years, or any parent or guardian of a minor under the age of 18 years under his or her control who knowingly permits the minor, to engage in or assist others to engage in either posing or modeling alone or with others for purposes of preparing any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film, filmstrip, or a live performance involving, sexual conduct by a minor under the age of 18 years alone or with other persons or animals, for commercial purposes, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years.

(c) Every person who, with knowledge that a person is a minor under the age of 18 years, or who, while in possession of any facts on the basis of which he or she should reasonably know that the person is a minor under the age of 18 years, knowingly promotes, employs, uses, persuades, induces, or coerces a minor under the age of 18 years, or any parent or guardian of a minor under the age of 18 years under his or her control who knowingly permits the minor, to engage in or assist others to engage in either posing or modeling alone or with others for purposes of preparing any representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film, filmstrip, or a live performance involving, sexual conduct by a minor under the age of 18 years alone or with other persons or animals, is guilty of a felony. It is not necessary to prove commercial purposes in order to establish a violation of this subdivision.

(d) (1) As used in subdivisions (b) and (c), 「sexual conduct」 means any of the following, whether actual or simulated: sexual intercourse, oral copulation, anal intercourse, anal oral copulation, masturbation, bestiality, sexual sadism, sexual masochism, penetration of the vagina or rectum by any object in a lewd or lascivious manner, exhibition of the genitals or pubic or rectal area for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer, any lewd or lascivious sexual act as defined in Section 288, or excretory functions performed in a lewd or lascivious manner, whether or not any of the above conduct is performed alone or between members of the same or opposite sex or between humans and animals. An act is simulated when it gives the appearance of being sexual conduct.

(2) As used in subdivisions (b) and (c), 「matter」 means any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, or any other computer-related equipment or computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, or video laser disc.

(e) This section does not apply to a legally emancipated minor or to lawful conduct between spouses if one or both are under the age of 18.

(f) In every prosecution under this section involving a minor under the age of 14 years at the time of the offense, the age of the victim shall be pled and proven for the purpose of the enhanced penalty provided in Section 647.6. Failure to plead and prove that the victim was under the age of 14 years at the time of the offense is not a bar to prosecution under this section if it is proven that the victim was under the age of 18 years at the time of the offense.

(Amended by Stats. 2006, Ch. 337, Sec. 21. Effective September 20, 2006.)

311.10.

(a) Any person who advertises for sale or distribution any obscene matter knowing that it depicts a person under the age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct, as defined in Section 311.4, is guilty of a felony and is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), or by both such fine and imprisonment.

(b) Subdivision (a) shall not apply to the activities of law enforcement and prosecution agencies in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses.

(Added by Stats. 1985, Ch. 1550, Sec. 1.)

311.11.

(a) Every person who knowingly possesses or controls any matter, representation of information, data, or image, including, but not limited to, any film, filmstrip, photograph, negative, slide, photocopy, videotape, video laser disc, computer hardware, computer software, computer floppy disc, data storage media, CD-ROM, or computer-generated equipment or any other computer-generated image that contains or incorporates in any manner, any film or filmstrip, the production of which involves the use of a person under 18 years of age, knowing that the matter depicts a person under 18 years of age personally engaging in or simulating sexual conduct, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 311.4, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison, or a county jail for up to one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by both the fine and imprisonment.

(b) Every person who commits a violation of subdivision (a), and who has been previously convicted of a violation of this section, an offense requiring registration under the Sex Offender Registration Act, or an attempt to commit any of the above-mentioned offenses, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, four, or six years.

(c) Each person who commits a violation of subdivision (a) shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 16 months, or two or five years, or shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for up to one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by both the fine and imprisonment, if one of the following factors exists:

(1) The matter contains more than 600 images that violate subdivision (a), and the matter contains 10 or more images involving a prepubescent minor or a minor who has not attained 12 years of age.

(2) The matter portrays sexual sadism or sexual masochism involving a person under 18 years of age. For purposes of this section, 「sexual sadism」 means the intentional infliction of pain for purposes of sexual gratification or stimulation. For purposes of this section, 「sexual masochism」 means intentionally experiencing pain for purposes of sexual gratification or stimulation.

(d) It is not necessary to prove that the matter is obscene in order to establish a violation of this section.

(e) This section does not apply to drawings, figurines, statues, or any film rated by the Motion Picture Association of America, nor does it apply to live or recorded telephone messages when transmitted, disseminated, or distributed as part of a commercial transaction.

(f) For purposes of determining the number of images under paragraph (1) of subdivision (c), the following shall apply:

(1) Each photograph, picture, computer or computer-generated image, or any similar visual depiction shall be considered to be one image.

(2) Each video, video-clip, movie, or similar visual depiction shall be considered to have 50 images.

(Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 54, Sec. 12. Effective January 1, 2015. Note: This section was amended on Nov. 7, 2006, by initiative Prop. 83.)

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