倍可親

各國如何對待"群租"問題 美國:民不舉法不究

作者:華人新聞  於 2016-2-1 12:55 發表於 最熱鬧的華人社交網路--貝殼村

作者分類:華人新聞|通用分類:法律相關

關鍵詞:群租, 大通鋪, 家庭旅館, 房客, 床位


最近,上海對房屋「群租」進行大規模整治,引發了社會的廣泛關注與爭議。其實,「群租」現象並非上海獨有,香港與歐美等發達國家和地區同樣存在群租房問題,它們治理「群租」的得失可為我們提供借鑒。

美國:不舉不究「靜水深流」

在美國群租現象很普遍。房主(即大房東)可將房屋租給二房東;二房東也可再將房屋租給其他人;有兩三家同租一套公寓的,也有十幾或幾十人同租一套房間的現象。

記者見過一個群租房,十幾平米的房間排滿了床鋪,床上支床,進屋後幾乎沒有落腳之地。裡面住著15名來自中國大陸的餐館「打工仔」,他們每人每天交5美元,不用負擔水電費。應該說,美國的群租現象是比較混亂的,但這並不是說美國沒有相關的制約法律。美國各州都制定了比較完善的規範群租的法律,一旦出現糾紛,可以依據法律解決。

各州法律大同小異,大致都有以下幾條:一、房主要租房,先要取得政府頒發的出租許可證;二、「二房東」替房主代理出租事宜,要遵守所有法規,不能多招房客,另外,「二房東」負有監督的責任,出現問題,房主可以要求「二房東」賠償;三、在租用一處房屋或單元房時,如果簽約人是一個人,除了直系家庭可以同住外,還可邀一名沒有血親關係的人及這個人所生的孩子同住;四、如果幾個人共同簽約租用一處房屋,那麼他們不能再帶其他人同住該處,不能再有男女朋友留宿。

美國法律可能也有漏洞。比如,法律對二房東「多招房客」有明確規定,但記者卻沒有找到限制大房東「多招房客」的相關法律。其實,在美國,把一間屋或一套公寓同時租給十幾或幾十人的基本都是大房東,但這麼做並沒有引起法律糾紛。

熟悉美國租房業務的美中經貿關係發展協會理事唐毅對記者說,美國租房有不少潛規則,只要民不舉,法律就不究。群居者像沙丁魚一樣擠在斗室里,這是嚴重違反人權的現象,但這種現象在美國一些大城市卻大行其道。主要原因可能是群租者早出晚歸,只在晚上回來睡一覺。他們生活得比較安靜,很少驚擾鄰居,有些鄰居甚至對旁邊的公寓住著幾十名群租者渾然不知。

唐毅說,在美國,很多鄰里糾紛不用訴諸法律,只要撥打「911」報警電話就行,警察一般會在3分鐘內出面干預。所以,群租者生活得小心翼翼,與鄰居井水不犯河水,這進一步造成群租現象「靜水深流」。

英國:法規詳盡 主抓房東

英國同樣存在群租現象。為了治理群租,英國出台了十分詳盡的法律條文,使群租過程中遇到的各種問題都有法可依。

英國2004年通過的《住房法案》把群租屋定義為:至少三人居住;房客必須分屬至少三個家庭(如果房屋所有者也居住在該屋,他和他的家人不計算在內);所有房客共用廚房、浴室或廁所。《住房法案》還對群租屋的出租和租用制定了相關規定。

此外,英國政府還於2006年2月15日擬定了《群租屋申領許可證令》,並於當年4月6日正式實施。法令規定,凡所出租房屋超過三層、租戶超過五人並共用廚衛沐浴設施者,房東就必須事先申請群租許可證,而要拿到這張許可證,房東不僅每五年需繳納一筆可觀的許可證費,本人還必須是沒有犯罪前科也沒有違反過群租法律的「良民」。

其中的一些規定之細緻令人感慨:群租房屋的燃氣安全證書一年一檢;房東必須為每個租戶安裝煙霧報警器並確保未被損壞;1至3人共用的廚房面積不得小於5平方米,5人共同廚房面積不得小於7平方米,一個廚房至多5人共用;至多5人共用一個衛生間和浴室;房東須為每個租戶提供單獨的洗手池……

值得注意的是,這些規定中的大部分是約束房東的。給人的印象是,群租所產生的問題唯房東或租房經紀人是問。

香港:監管「籠屋」 發展「公屋」

1992年,張之亮導演的影片《籠民》讓世人見識了「東方之珠」的另一面———一群老弱貧苦的社會底層人士生活在罐頭似的「貧民窟」里,一張張床位被鐵絲網團團圍住,猶如一個個籠子;「籠子」裡邊除了床具外,還有各種生活用品。這些住在「籠子」里的人被形象地稱為「籠民」。

「籠民」是一個長期困擾香港的社會問題。1990年的香港南昌街籠屋大火,以及1992年張之亮電影《籠民》的上映,使「籠民」問題受到了輿論的高度關注。1994年,香港頒布了《床位寓所條例》,並於1998年開始實施,力圖改善並減少「籠屋」。

考慮到床位寓所或出租床位租金低廉、地點方便,有一定的市場需求,因此香港政府部門並非簡單地取締床位寓所,而是透過立法確保床位寓所符合消防、衛生或樓宇安全的最低標準。

《床位寓所條例》把「床位寓所」規定為擁有12個及以上出租床位的居住單位,相關部門對符合相應安全標準的床位寓所發放牌照,嚴格禁止無照經營。對於因實施《床位寓所條例》導致床位減少、必須遷出的部分住客,如果年滿60歲或有健康護理需要者,社會福利署會考慮讓他們入住福利院舍,或安排他們入住公屋;對於60歲以下必須遷出的住客,可申請入住民政事務總署開辦的單身人士宿舍。另外,管理部門每半年派員探訪已登記的床位寓所。當發現有年老、體弱或身體不健全的住客需要房屋方面的支援時,有關方面便會提供協助。

另外,香港從1954年便開始實施「公屋」制度,即為低收入人群提供廉租(住)房。公屋申請人有收入上的限制,配售由房委會公開編號、統一輪候、按號入住或者公開抽籤挑選。公屋計劃解決了香港30%左右人口的居住問題。 

(洛杉磯記者於大波、倫敦記者沈昌勝、香港記者蘇曉)


世界日報:賭徒邸千「霸租」紐約家庭旅館 敲詐勒索三千美元

家庭旅館惡房客 拿錢落跑

在法拉盛Ash大道夾邦恩街(Bowne St.)某家庭旅館租一個床位的中年華裔男子邸千,日前向警方指稱房東把門反鎖、扔他東西等多種惡劣手段企圖非法驅趕。房東孫先生則稱,雙方糾紛是因邸千欠龐大賭債,沒從他那裡借到錢而報警。警方介入后,雙方終於和解,邸千帶著房東借他的數百元日前搬出家庭旅館,並留下一封給房東的信,作為借據。

房客邸千投訴稱,房東孫先生得知市樓宇局(Building Department)要來檢查后,開始驅趕房客,因他不肯搬走,多次把門反鎖,扔掉他放在冰箱的食物和一些日用品,還企圖把他的行李箱扔到街頭。

針對這起投訴,孫先生表示,「這房客不久前因攻擊罪被捕,釋放后沒錢,我出於好心讓他住進來,勸他改惡從善。」

孫先生指出,雙方此次衝突的起因是賭博,「上月20日,他說賭博輸掉老闆讓他辦事的錢,不還錢工作就沒了,因此開口向我借1000元,我沒借他,後來了解到他把離婚賣房剛分到的錢也輸掉了,而且向幾個人借錢還沒還」。

「因為我不借他錢,他就不付租金並威脅稱,這個家庭旅館非法,他就在這裡不走,而且要去舉報,讓旅館開不下去。這種情況下,我決定關閉家庭旅館,讓其他住客搬走。沒想到,他開始搞破壞,弄壞電飯鍋、撬門、砸鎖、威脅,朝我臉上吐口水,拳頭在我眼前晃,嚇得我們不敢進屋。」

關於邸千投訴他換鎖一事,孫先生指出,對方聽說如果房東換鎖,警察可以逮捕房東,於是就以換鎖為由,兩次從逃生樓梯爬到四樓,從窗口進入。孫先生解釋,他開始並沒有換鎖,後來不得已才換鎖是因為邸千在鎖心裡塞了牙籤。

孫先生強調,「我並沒有扔他的行李,現在他連吃飯的錢都沒有,前幾天,想向我要3000元,最少2500元,說拿到錢馬上就搬走。我最終給了他700元,他在周二早上搬走了,還寫了一封給我的道歉信,此事也算告一段落」。

孫先生指出,紐約有上千家家庭旅館,數以萬計的華裔房東分租床位給打工者。家庭旅館和分租都不合法規,但卻為眾多收入不高、以打工為生、甚至要寄錢回國的華裔移民提供很多便利、降低他們的生活成本,為政府解決一些社會問題。

世界日報記者/紐約報導
July 28, 2015


邸千,男,1971年2月出生,遼寧省大連市人,現居紐約法拉盛,職業是送貨司機。嗜好抽煙賭博,打架鬥毆,詐騙,欠債不還,誣告債主及房東。有犯罪被捕入獄記錄。

Failed gambler Qian Di occupied a guesthouse and extorted $3000 (World Journal post)

An evil tenant blackmailed money from a guesthouse then escaped

Qian Di, a milldle-aged Chinese man who rented a bed from a guesthouse on the Ash Avenue and Bowne Street in the Flushing Town, ecently told the police that his landlord try to drive out him illegally with a variety of harsh means, such as locked the door and throw him baggages. However, the landlord Mr.Sun said, their dispute is due to Qian Di owed huge gambling debts, and can not to borrow money from him, then, called the police. Through the police intervention, the two sides finally reconciliated----Qian Di moved out of the guesthouse recently with hundreds dollars whice the landlord lended him, and leave a letter to landlord for a debt note.

The tenant Qian Di complained that his landlord Sun drives all tenants while hearsay the City Department of Buildings will examine to come. Mr.Sun locked the door repeatedly, and throwed his refrigerator foods and some daily necessities because he refused to move out. Mr.Sun even attempted to throw his trunk to the street.

In view of this complaint, Mr.Sun said, "This tenant was arrested by the attack crime not long ago. He has no money after the release. I let him live here by my kindness. Also I advised him to mend his ways."

Mr.Sun pointed out that cause of comflict is Qian Di indulged in gambling. "On the 20th of last month, Qian Di told me that he lost the payment for goods of his boss in the gambling. He was afraid that he might lose his job if he doesn't return the payment to his boss. Therefore he asked me to loan $1000. I didn't lend money to him yet. Soon after, I learned that he sold his house that he got from the divorce case. He also borrowed money from many people and has not returned to them."

"He didn't pay the rental to me because I didn't lend money to him. He declared this guesthouse is illegal. He will not only to stay living here, but also will report to the government. He threatened to make my  guesthouse close. In this case, I decided to close the guesthouse, and persuaded other residents move away. Unexpectedly, he began to engage in sabotage, such as damaged the electric rice cooker, and pried the doors, and smashed locks.He was using violence and intimidation. He spited in my face, and shaked his fist in front of me. Therefore We dare not enter here again."

Regarding the case which Qian Di complainted his landlord changed the lock, Mr.Sun pointed out that Qian Di knew the law requires that the police can arrest the landlord who changes the lock without authorization. Thus Qian Di use it as an excuse to climbed from the escape stairs to the 4th floor and came into the window. Mr.Sun explained that he would not change the lock originally, but he changed it later because of Qian Di crammed the toothpick in the lock.

Mr.Sun stressed, "I did not throw his luggage. Qian Di has no money to buy foods now. A few days ago, He ask me to borrow $3000, at least $2500. He said that he will leave at once, as soon as he gets the money. Finally I gave him $700. He, then, moved out on Tuesday morning, and wrote an apology letter to me. This matter was end."

Mr.Sun pointed out that there are thousands of guesthouses in New York. Tens of thousands of Chinese landlords sublet beds for the migrant workers. The beds subletting of the guesthouses are illegal, but they provide some conveniences for many Chinese immigrants who are low-income, and work for a living, or even to send money to home. The guesthouses reduce their living costs, and help the government to solve some social problems.

World Journal reporter / New York post
July 28, 2015

Translator: Ms.Le Zhou
 
(Qian Di, a Chinese male, born in February 21, 1971. He is living in Flushing town, New York City now. He is addicted to gambling, fighting, fraud, false debt, creditors and the landlord. He has some criminal records. Warning: Do not lend your money or rent your room for the Chinese gambler Qian Di! If you find out that he is trying to harm you, please report to the police immediately. His SSN is 115-23-9532.)


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