倍可親

美國國慶日為什麼定於7月4日?(答案)

作者:Mr.zhu  於 2009-7-4 21:56 發表於 最熱鬧的華人社交網路--貝殼村

通用分類:其它日誌|已有7評論

眾所周知,美國《獨立宣言》草稿是傑弗遜等人起草的。1776628日,大陸會議(不等於美國國會)任命的一個委員會開會商議該宣言,作了少許修改,並於177672日予以宣布。大陸會議命令所有成員簽署該宣言,並於177682日開始簽署官方文本。後來(本人還不確知何時),官方177674日定為美國獨立日」—美國國慶日。

從上述幾個日子看,美國國慶日都與74日無關。更重要的是,100個美國人有99個半都不知道美國國慶日選在74日的來歷。

同胞們,你知道美國國慶日為什麼是74日嗎?

如果你不知道,讓我告訴你。

一句話,「美國國慶日」與美洲土著有很大關係。具體情況如下:

世世代代居住在美洲的土著,即西方白人所謂的「印第安人」,是公認的美洲主人。

據考證,公元1100年左右,某些土著部落之間便產生過邦聯性社會組織,用以從外部保護邦聯的穩固和從內部維護邦聯的和平。

根據土著「六國邦聯」的傳奇故事,該邦聯起源於一個土著安「和平締造者」的旅程。該和平締造者周遊5國(位於現紐約州境內),挨個說服5國人民不再相互爭鬥,以便共同生活於一個和睦的社會環境中。因為他每到一國都給人們帶來了好運,所以5國個土著人都相信他,都同意聯合起來。

當來自5國的代表第一次聚會時,代表們都隨身攜帶著武器。「和平締造者」讓所有人都將武器埋到「和平之樹」下,然後,他折斷一支箭給代表們看,讓代表們明白單獨一支箭(即一國)多麼容易被毀掉;他又將5支箭捆綁到一起,讓代表們看捆綁起來的箭支無法折斷,從而明白聯合起來是多麼有力。

5國「邦聯憲法」描述的是五國的一整套政治關係。由五國50位議員組成的大議事會是邦聯議事和決策的機構。

在公元1390-1450年之間,5國陸續批准了大律法。公元1450年(科倫布到達美洲前42年),北美東北走廊一帶(今紐約州境內)的5國成立了一個土著邦聯。後來,又有一個土著部落北上加入邦聯,形成「六國邦聯」。「六國邦聯」的章程是「和平大律法」(The Great Law of Peace),邦聯的象徵符是「和平之樹」(The Great Tree of Peace)。

土著「六國邦聯」的首要法則是和平。通過對人際關係的有效管理,「六國邦聯」非常成功地達成了邦聯內部的社會祥和。

根據美洲土著的律法和風俗,「六國邦聯」的社會權力集中到一個社會中心;領導者被人民視作公僕,人民可以彈劾不合格的領導者;人民享有充分的生存權、自由權、財產權和充分言論表達權;婦女享有與男人相同的社會權力;財富在所有人(包括婦女)中間相對平均地分配,社會內部不存在生產資料私有制和與私有制相應的兩極分化問題;軍事與民事分開,民事(內部)問題不通過軍事(對外)手段解決;尊重所有信仰;等等。總之,土著邦聯的社會發展模式與西方文明建立在私有制基礎上通過擴張求發展的叢林法則模式完全不同。

哥倫布發現美洲之後,白人殖民者紛至沓來,南、北美大陸各地的土著人與白人殖民者們的交往越來越深廣。善良的土著人不僅無私地幫助白人殖民者先驅們在新大陸安家立業,而且用自身平和的社會發展模式為初來乍到的白人殖民者們指出了一條有別於其宗主國的社會發展道路。

「六國邦聯」的社會理念及其真功實效也越來越令美國開國元勛中的「文膽」們(富蘭克林、亞當斯、傑佛遜、潘恩、麥迪遜等)關注甚至欽羨。

富蘭克林不僅仔細觀察和密切關注「六國邦聯」的成就,而且利用其印刷業主之便廣為宣傳。他從1736年起在自己開辦的報紙「賓夕法尼亞公告」(是各個殖民地首屈一指的報紙)上詳細報道歷次各殖民地與「六國邦聯」之間的「印第安人條約議事會」的進展情況。

174474日舉行的「印第安人條約議事會」上,著明的「六國邦聯」發言人坎納沙提勾(Canasatego)向白人殖民者們建議組成殖民地聯盟。他在會上慷慨激昂地宣講道:「我們睿智的先人建立了邦聯。這使得我們5國團結在一起,使得我們有能力和有權威處理與鄰國的關係。我們是一個強大有力的邦聯。如果你們(各個殖民地)採用與我們先人一樣的辦法,你們將會得到和我們一樣的力量與權力。結果,無論何事發生,你們(各個殖民地)之間都不會孤立無援。」

 據載,坎納沙提勾高大健壯,聲若洪鐘,莊重威嚴,當他大步走進會場時,眾人馬上鴉雀無聲。在白人的款待下,坎那沙提勾已經好上了白人釀製的朗姆酒,借著酒勁兒發表的直率建議顯然產生了振聾發聵的效果。只因當時各個殖民地均羽翼未豐,正乖乖地作為大英帝國的13個乖兒子而接受大英帝國的庇護,哪敢立即明目張膽地接受土著人的美意。

1753年,富蘭克林作為殖民地的理事之一參加了與印第安人「六國邦聯」的會議,並簽訂條約支持印第安人邦聯抵禦法國聯手其他印第安人部落的侵擾。該次會議開啟了富蘭克林的外交官生涯。

富蘭克林根據自己的親身經歷來這樣描述印第安人議事會議:「因為經常舉行公開議事會,所以印第安人有一整套有效的議事規矩。老者坐前排,勇士其次,婦女和兒童最後。婦女的職責是準確記住會議進程,完整地傳達給兒童。印第安人沒有文字,兒童成了議事會的記憶者。發言的人站起來,其餘的人則凝神地聽。當該人發言完畢,其餘的人留給他5分鐘左右的時間,供該人補充發言中的遺漏。發言的人可以再站起來,表達看法。這與英國議會下院混亂不堪以至於議長要撕聲叫嚷『秩序』是多麼不同。」 正因為富蘭克林對印第安人邦聯的長處認識最深,所以變成了殖民地聯盟和後來邦聯制政府的首要積極倡導者。

富蘭克林在給好朋友的信中寫道:「傲慢自大的野蠻人印第安人『六國邦聯』尚且能夠組織一個聯盟,長期管理自己,而且沒有分裂跡象,而我們10個或者12個殖民地不能形成一個聯盟就是一件很奇怪的事情。」(筆者註:請注意富蘭克林在公開和私下的兩種不同語氣,對比今天西方國家中某些人對中國的既捧又壓的兩面派伎倆,人們自然會明了,無論捧或壓,都是為了西方自身的利益,而非中國人民的利益。)

傑佛遜在給友人的信中寫道:「在印第安人社會中,大眾的幸福感遠比那些生活在歐洲政府下的大眾高很多。」

亞當斯說:「這個時代的偉大哲學家和政治家正嘗試建立現代印第安人式的政府。」

路特里茲是南卡派往立憲大會的代表之一,具體負責大會的會務工作。他向大會公開了一個印第安人酋長的談話摘引:「We, the people, to form a union, to establish peace, equity and order。」(我們人民,為了建立和平、平等和秩序組成一個同盟。)這就是後來《美國憲法》的第一句話「Wethe People,」(我們人民)簡明表達方法的出處,即照搬印第安人的簡明表達方法「Wethe Iroquois(我們,「六國邦聯」)」。

美國學者喬納森在其《被遺忘的建國者》一書中評價印第安人「六國邦聯」時說,該邦聯包含了現代議會、國會和立法等成分。

1754年,紐約殖民地首府阿爾巴尼議會通過了與印第安人「六國邦聯」的同盟動議,形成並批准了一個殖民地聯合的計劃(如同坎納沙提勾10年前對白人殖民者們的提議一樣)。

同年6月,7個殖民地的代表在紐約殖民地的阿爾巴尼召開聯席會議。會議討論了富蘭克林擬定的「殖民地同盟的阿爾巴尼計劃」。該殖民地同盟計劃與印第安人邦聯的諸多相似之處非常明顯。(1)富蘭克林提議設立的殖民地聯盟「大議事會」(Grand Council)與「印第安人邦聯大議事會」(Iroquois Great Council)如出一轍;(2)富蘭克林提議由英王任命總督將軍主政所有殖民地,但各個殖民地仍保有內政權和各自憲法,用於調節各個殖民地的不同情況,如同印地安人邦聯既有邦聯的統一又有邦聯各個成員的自治一樣;(3)富蘭克林提議各殖民地委派到「大議事會」的代表名額取決其人口數量和註冊軍人數,這種辦法不僅與印第安人邦聯的措施一樣,而且代表數目也相差無幾(富蘭克林建議48位代表,印地安人邦聯允許50位);(4)在兵役問題上,富蘭克林的建議不是英王治下的強制兵役制,也非印地安人邦聯的自願兵役制,而是將該權剝離出「大議事會」並交由各殖民地立法機構定奪。

由於英王在各殖民地布置了大量間諜,監督像富蘭克林一樣的「麻煩製造者」。結果,會議代表們為了取悅祖國母親—大英帝國而否決了阿爾巴尼計劃。歷史證明,不是富蘭克林的建議不好,而是建議的時機過早。雖然阿爾巴尼計劃當時流產了,但這次會議卻是北美各個殖民地結盟的發端。

1765年,大英帝國因長期參與爭霸世界的戰爭,尤其是在與法國的「七年全球戰爭」中,欠下大筆戰爭債務,於是不斷在北美「13個兒子」身上變著花樣打主意,因而與各個殖民地的矛盾普遍嚴重激化,殖民地的廣大民眾逐漸因為錢的問題開始與自己的老子—英王翻臉,最後經多方操弄,釀成「父子反目」,大打出手,「13子」紛紛獨立的局面。

17758月,開始聯合起來的各殖民地官員與印第安人「六國邦聯」的酋長們在費城聚會,用以確保與印第安人的盟約,使印第安人「六國邦聯」在殖民地同盟與大英帝國即將開始的衝突中至少保持中立。825日,雙方同抽了印第安人的和平之煙,交換了外交盟友的辭令。按照儀式,殖民地的行政官員向印第安人酋長們告解道:「我們與你們正在做的事情,除了共溫古老的議事會之火、續締盟約、明確聯合的每一個環節,首要之事是向你們通報30年前來自你們睿智祖先(坎納沙提勾)在賓夕法尼亞的蘭開斯特一次偉大的議事會上說給我們白人的精彩建議。」接著,該行政官員幾乎將坎納沙提勾於174474日建議各個殖民地聯合起來的話語逐字逐句地重複了一遍,然後繼續道:「這些都是坎納沙提勾的話語。兄弟們,我們的先人很高興聽到坎納沙提勾說的這些話。這些話說到了我們的心坎里。這個建議很好,很善良。我們的先人們奔走相告:『六國邦聯』是睿智的人民,讓我們與他們交心,聽從他們的建議,教導我們的孩子們向他們學習。』我們的先人確實這樣做了。他們經常拿著一隻箭說,孩子們,看這隻箭多麼容易折斷。然後,他們拿12只箭(筆者註:當時喬治亞殖民地尚未加入大陸會議)用結實的繩子綁在一起,結果,我們當中最強壯的人都沒辦法將他們折斷。明白嗎?他們說,這就是六國邦聯的意義之所在。分別開來,一個單獨的人就可能毀掉你;聯合起來,你可以與整個世界匹敵。我們感謝偉大的上帝,我們都聯合起來了。我們有強大的邦聯,由12個省構成。這些省在賓夕法尼亞點燃了議事會之火,並派 65位議員以全體的名義代言和行動,為人民的福祉而商議。」

既然沒有別的原因,美國開國者將國慶日定在74日,極可能與紀念174474日來自印第安人的偉大倡議有關。

就這樣,在殖民地白人頭面人物的吹捧下,印第安人「六國邦聯」以及所有土著印第安人見證了一個新邦聯的誕生,後來又見證了一個新國家的誕生,而土著人卻因為這個新國家的誕生和不斷擴張而幾乎被滅絕了。

74日對美國的深遠意義不是一般人能夠體會得到的。

現在,你能明白少許了嗎?

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發表評論 評論 (7 個評論)

回復 戶人 2009-7-4 23:54
sf
回復 普通一丁 2009-7-5 01:08
整篇文章右邊的文字不見了,不過大意還是可以猜出來。
回復 戶人 2009-7-5 04:54
文中的信息有出處嗎?
回復 chineseciv 2009-7-5 04:58
我很好奇,美國土著人有有文字記載的歷史嗎?如果沒有,你文中有關美國土著人的記載來自何處?

先提前謝謝你的解答。
回復 金陵客 2009-7-5 05:05
關你什麼事,又不是"十.一"國慶節!
回復 xyz3691 2009-7-5 07:43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)

Independence Day (United States)


In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches and ceremonies, and various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the national day of the United States.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]

    * 1 Background
    * 2 Observance
    * 3 Customs
    * 4 Unique or historical celebrations
    * 5 See also
    * 6 References
    * 7 Bibliography
    * 8 External links

Background

During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the American colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia.[4] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:
「  The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[5]  」

Adams' prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[6]

One of the most enduring myths about Independence Day is that Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.[7][8] The myth had become so firmly established that, decades after the event and nearing the end of their lives, even the elderly Thomas Jefferson and John Adams had come to believe that they and the other delegates had signed the Declaration on the fourth.[9] Most delegates actually signed the Declaration on August 2, 1776.[10] In a remarkable series of coincidences, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two founding fathers of the United States and the only two men who signed the Declaration of Independence to become president, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the United States' 50th anniversary. President James Monroe died exactly five years later, on July 4, 1831, but he was not a signatory to the Declaration of Independence.

Observance
An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration

    * In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired, once at morning and again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find quite familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[11]
    * In 1778, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[12]
    * In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[12]
    * In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[12]
    * In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled "The Psalm of Joy".
    * In 1791 the first recorded use of the name "Independence Day" occurred.
    * In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[13]
    * In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[14]

Customs
Fireworks over Miami, Florida, on Independence Day, 2007. Bank of America Tower is also lit with the red, white, and blue color scheme.
Independence Day, 1940 Promotion.ogv
Play video
Patriotic trailer shown in theaters prior to the 4th of July, 1940.

Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue and take advantage of the day off and, in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades often are in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful", "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", "This Land Is Your Land", "Stars and Stripes Forever", and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. Illicit traffic transfers many fireworks from less restrictive states.

A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a 「salute to the union,」 is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[15]

Major displays are held in New York on the East River, in Chicago on Lake Michigan, in San Diego over Mission Bay, in Boston on the Charles River, in St. Louis on the Mississippi River, and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, host one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate both American Independence Day and Canada Day.

While the official observance always falls on July 4th, participation levels may vary according to which day of the week the 4th falls on. If the holiday falls in the middle of the week, some fireworks displays and celebrations may take place during the weekend for convenience, again, varying by region.

Unique or historical celebrations
Originally entitled Yankee Doodle, this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of '76. Often imitated or parodied, it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism.

    * Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
    * Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4th weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild section of Denmark.[16]
    * Since 1916, Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City supposedly started as a way to settle a dispute among four immigrants as to who was the most patriotic.
    * Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
    * Numerous major and minor league baseball games are played on Independence Day.
    * The famous Macy's fireworks display over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976.
    * Since 1970, the annual 10 kilometer Peachtree Road Race is held in Atlanta, Georgia.
    * Since 1973, the Boston Pops Orchestra hosts a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular".[17] The event has been broadcast nationally since 2007 on CBS.[18]
    * On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., 「A Capitol Fourth,」 a free concert, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.
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