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請收藏認真學習：
地震中的活命三角
★地震來了，不要再躲在桌子下了！美國最有經驗救援家：傳授地震來臨活命三角★
為救自己一命,請耐心花費10分鐘細讀本文並牢記,以備不時之需！
為救家人一命,請把本文連接發給家人去閱讀並牢記,以防不測！
近期地震愈來愈頻繁也愈猛烈,您住在地球上任何角落都可能難逃地震的傷害,小心不要被地震淘汰!以下是一位美國人寫文要救各位,請勿枉費他的一番善心!
我叫道格*庫普（Doug Copp）。是世界上最有經驗的救援小組─美國國際救援小組（ARTI）的首席救援者，也是災難部經理。
本文中以下信息能幫助大家在地震中挽救生命。
我曾經和來自60多個不同國家成立的各種救援小組一起工作過，曾在875個倒塌的建築物里爬進爬出。在聯合國災難減輕（UNX051-UNIENET）小組中我擔任了任期兩年的專家。從1985年至今，除非同時發生了多個災禍，我幾乎參與了每一次重大的救援工作。
1996年，我們用我創立且被證明是正確的方法製作了一部電影。土耳其政府、伊斯坦布爾市、伊斯坦布爾大學及ARTI聯合製作了這部科學研究影片。
我們模擬摧毀了一座學校，和一個裡面有20個人體模型的房屋。10個人體模型用「蹲下和掩護」方法，另外10個模型使用我的「救命三角」的求生方法。
模擬地震發生后，我們通過倒塌的碎石慢慢進入建築物，並拍攝和記錄了結果。
在一個可直接觀察到及科學的條件下，這部電影拍攝了我使用的求生技術。結果顯示那些用「蹲下和掩護」方法的人存活率是"零"，而那些使用「救命三角」的人能夠達到100%存活率。已有上百萬人在土耳其和歐洲、美國、加拿大和拉丁美洲的電視節目看過這部片子。
我曾進入的第一個建築物是在1985年墨西哥地震中的一個學校。每個孩子都在課桌底下。每個孩子都被壓扁了。他們如能挨著課桌的走道里他們躺下，就有生還的希望。我不知道孩子們怎麼會被誤導要躲在某物體的下面。
簡單地說，當建築物倒塌落在物體或傢俱上的屋頂重力會撞擊到這些物體，使得靠近它們的地方留下一個空間。這個空間就是被我稱作的「救命三角」。物體越大，越堅固，它被擠壓的餘地就越小。而物體被擠壓得越小，這個空間就越大，於是利用這個空間的人免於受傷的可能性就越大。
下次，你在電視里觀看倒塌的建築物時，數一數這些形成的「三角」。你會發現到處都有這些三角。在倒塌的建築物里，這是最常見的形狀。幾乎到處都有。我培訓Trujillo（人口約為75萬人的地方）的消防部門，教導人們如何求生，如何照顧他們的家人，以及如何在地震中援救他人。
Trujillo消防部門的救援總負責人是Trujillo大學教授。他陪伴我同行，他說：「我叫Roberto
Rosales，我是Trujillo的首席救援者。我11歲時，我被陷在一幢倒塌的建築物里。就是發生在1972年的那場地震中，當時有7萬人死亡。我利用我哥哥摩托車旁的『救命三角』保住了生命。我的朋友們，躲在床下，桌子下的人都死了，我可以稱作是『生命三角』活生生的例子，而我那些朋友是「蹲下和掩護」的例子。」
道格觀察到地震中的自救10項要領 :
◣當建築物倒下時，每個只「蹲下和掩護」的人都幾乎全被壓死了。而那些躲到物體，如桌子，或汽車下躲避的人也總是受到了重傷或死亡。
貓，狗和小孩子在遇到危險的時候，會自然地蜷縮起身體。地震時，你也應這麼做。這是一種安全的本能。而你在一個很小的空間里便可做到。靠近一個物體，一個沙發，或一個大物體，結果它僅受到輕微的擠壓。
在地震中，木質建築物最牢固。木頭具有彈性，並且與地震的力量一起移動。如果木質建築物倒塌了，會留出很大的生存空間，而且，木質材料密度最小，重量最小。磚塊材料則會破碎成一塊塊更小的磚。磚塊會造成人員受傷，但是，被磚塊壓傷的人遠比被水泥壓傷的人數要少得多。
如晚上發生地震，而你正在床上，你只要簡單地滾下床。床的周圍便是一個安全的空間。
如地震發生，你正在看電視，不能迅速地從門或窗口逃離，那就在靠近沙發或椅子的旁邊躺下，然後蜷縮起來。
大樓倒塌時，被發現很多人在門口死亡!這是怎麼回事？如你站在門框下，當門框向前或向後倒下時，你會被頭頂上的屋頂砸傷。如門框向側面倒下，你會被壓在當中，所以，不管怎麼樣，你都會受到致命傷害！
◣千萬不要走樓梯!因樓梯與建築物搖晃頻率不同，樓梯和大樓的結構物會不斷發生個別碰撞。人在樓梯上時，會被樓梯的台階割斷，會造成很恐怖的毀傷！就算樓梯沒有倒塌，也要遠離樓梯，哪怕不是因為地震而斷裂，還會因為承受過多的人群而坍塌。
◣盡量靠近建築物的外牆或離開建築物。靠近牆的外側遠比內側要好。你越靠近建築物的中心，你的逃生路徑被阻擋的可能性就越大。
◣地震時，在車內的人會被路邊墜落的物體砸傷，這正是Nimitz Freeway路上所發生的事情。San Francisco地震無辜受害者都是呆在車內。其實，他們可簡單地離開車輛，靠近車輛坐下，或躺在車邊就可以了。所有被壓垮的車輛旁邊都有一個3英呎高的空間，除非車輛是被物體垂直落下。
◣我發現，在報社或辦公室里堆有很多報紙的地方，通常會好些，因為報紙不受擠壓。你在紙堆旁可找到一個比較大的空間。
另外，家家戶戶地震預測警報方法，可提前1至10分鐘預報關於地震，請多轉發，功德無量。
中國及世界，已經開始正式嚴肅的對待預防地震的課題。
國際組織預報今年地球將進入地球地震年 所以在這裡給我朋友們推薦一種地震預報的方法是：
把一塊磁鐵用繩子掛在高處，下面正對地板磚或一個鐵盆，磁鐵上粘一塊大鐵塊。地震前地球磁場發生劇烈變化，磁鐵會失去磁性。鐵塊掉下來，落在地上或盆上，發出響聲。此法在房屋沒有晃動前就會提前預警。提前時間10分鐘至幾十秒。
如果掉下來了，必發生大震。盡量轉發一下，讓更多的人知道，也許你的傳播在以後會救許多人的性命。
牢記,以備不時之需！
為救家人一命,請把本文連接發給家人去閱讀並牢記,以防不測！
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發表評論 評論 (14 個評論)
- 回復 在美一方
- 美國紅十字會的回應，供參考：
American Red Cross response to 「Triangle of Life」 by Doug Copp
Sent from
Rocky Lopes, PhD
Manager, Community Disaster Education
American Red Cross National Headquarters
Recently it has been brought to my attention that an email from Doug Copp, titled "Triangle of Life," is making its rounds again on the Internet. "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" is CORRECT, accurate, and APPROPRIATE for use in the United States for Earthquake safety. Mr. Copp's assertions in his message that everyone is always crushed if they get under something is incorrect.
Recently, the American Red Cross became aware of a challenge to the earthquake safety advice "Drop, Cover, and Hold On." This is according to information from Mr. Doug Copp, the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of American Rescue Team International (a private company not affiliated with the U.S. Government or other agency.) He says that going underneath objects during an earthquake [as in children being told to get under their desks at school] is very dangerous, and fatal should the building collapse in a strong earthquake. He also states that "everyone who gets under a doorway when a building collapses is killed." He further states that "if you are in bed when an earthquake happens, to roll out of bed next to it," and he also says that "If an earthquake happens while you are watching television and you cannot easily escape by getting out the door or window, then lie down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, or large chair." These recommendations are inaccurate for application in the United States and inconsistent with information developed through earthquake research. Mr. Copp based his statements on observations of damage to buildings after an earthquake in Turkey. It is like "apples and oranges" to compare building construction standards, techniques, engineering principles, and construction materials between Turkey and the United States.
We at the American Red Cross have studied the research on the topic of earthquake safety for many years. We have benefited from extensive research done by the California Office of Emergency Services, California Seismic Safety Commission, professional and academic research organizations, and emergency management agencies, who have also studied the recommendation to "drop, cover, and hold on!" during the shaking of an earthquake. Personally, I have also benefited from those who preceded me in doing earthquake education in California since the Field Act was passed in 1933.
What the claims made by Mr. Copp of ARTI, Inc., does not seem to distinguish is that the recommendation to "drop, cover, and hold on!" is a U.S.-based recommendation based on U.S. Building Codes and construction standards. Much research in the United States has confirmed that "Drop, Cover, and Hold On!" has saved lives in the United States. Engineering researchers have demonstrated that very few buildings collapse or "pancake" in the U.S. as they might do in other countries. Using a web site to show one picture of one U.S. building that had a partial collapse after a major quake in an area with thousands of buildings that did not collapse during the same quake is inappropriate and misleading.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which collects data on injuries and deaths from all reportable causes in the U.S., as well as data from three University-based studies performed after the Loma Prieta (September, 1989) and Northridge (January, 1994) earthquakes in California, the following data are indicated: Loma Prieta: 63 deaths, approximately 3,700 people were injured. Most injuries happened as a result of the collapse of the Cypress Street section of I-880 in Oakland. Northridge: 57 deaths, 1,500 serious injuries. Most injuries were from falls caused by people trying to get out of their homes, or serious cuts and broken bones when people ran, barefooted, over broken glass (the earthquake happened in the early morning on a federal holiday when many people were still in bed.) There were millions of people in each of these earthquake-affected areas, and of those millions, many of them reported to have "dropped, covered, and held on" during the shaking of the earthquake.
We contend that "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" indeed SAVED lives, not killed people. Because the research continues to demonstrate that, in the U.S., "Drop, Cover, and Hold On!" works, the American Red Cross remains behind that recommendation. It is the simplest, reliable, and easiest method to teach people, including children.
The American Red Cross has not recommended use of a doorway for earthquake protection for more than a decade. The problem is that many doorways are not built into the structural integrity of a building, and may not offer protection. Also, simply put, doorways are not suitable for more than one person at a time.
The Red Cross, remaining consistent with the information published in "Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages," (visit http://www.disastereducation.org/guide.html ) states that if you are in bed when an earthquake happens, remain there. Rolling out of bed may lead to being injured by debris on the floor next to the bed. If you have done a good job of earthquake mitigation (that is, removing pictures or mirrors that could fall on a bed; anchoring tall bedroom furniture to wall studs, and the like), then you are safer to stay in bed rather than roll out of it during the shaking of an earthquake.
Also, the Red Cross strongly advises not try to move (that is, escape) during the shaking of an earthquake. The more and the longer distance that someone tries to move, the more likely they are to become injured by falling or flying debris, or by tripping, falling, or getting cut by damaged floors, walls, and items in the path of escape. Identifying potential "void areas" and planning on using them for earthquake protection is more difficult to teach, and hard to remember for people who are not educated in earthquake engineering principles. The Red Cross is not saying that identifying potential voids is wrong or inappropriate. What we are saying is that "Drop, Cover, and Hold On!" is NOT wrong -- in the United States. The American Red Cross, being a U.S.-based organization, does not extend its recommendations to apply in other countries. What works here may not work elsewhere, so there is no dispute that the "void identification method" or the "Triangle of Life" may indeed be the best thing to teach in other countries where the risk of building collapse, even in moderate earthquakes, is great.
- 回復 在美一方
- 著名打假網站 snope 對此的調查
http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/household/triangle.asp
- 回復 丹奇
- 看來這個建議只適用於美國的木頭建築。
在美一方: 美國紅十字會的回應，供參考：
American Red Cross response to 「Triangle of Life」 by Doug Copp
Sent from
Rocky Lopes, PhD
Manager, Community Disast ...
- 回復 丹奇
- 嗯，值得重視。
在美一方: 著名打假網站 snope 對此的調查
http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/household/triangle.asp
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