劉龍珠律師法律評論：如何在家中合法存放槍支彈藥

劉龍珠律師法律評論：如何在家中合法存放槍支彈藥

今天的文章內容靈感來源於網路上人們對於「在家存放槍支彈藥時，彈藥是否需要與槍支分開存放在不同的帶鎖的箱子里」這一問題的討論。基本上，參與討論的網友們的一致意見是彈藥與槍支需要分開存放，但對於「分開存放」是否意味著要將彈藥與槍支分開放在不同的帶鎖的箱子里、甚至家中不同的位置有異議。

網路上有很多關於在加州購買槍支、運輸槍支的指南，但對於如何在家中合法地存放槍支彈藥這個問題鮮少有人涉及，其實，加州刑法典還專門對槍支彈藥的保存有規定，甚至有一項錯誤保存槍支罪(criminal storage of a firearm)，了解這些法律知識對於槍支使用者或者愛好者都有幫助。

首先，關於在家中存放槍支彈藥的問題，加州法律並沒有規定槍支與彈藥必須要存放在不同的帶鎖的箱子里，法無禁止即自由，也就是說彈藥可以與槍支放在同一個槍箱里，只要槍支沒有裝彈。這裡的「裝彈」(loaded)，大部分情況下是指，彈藥在槍支的槍膛里、彈藥盒裡，或者夾在槍支上等等。（法律原文見文末CA Penal Code 16840）

雖然大家可能覺得在家裡怎麼存放槍支彈藥純屬個人自由，但是當家裡來了小孩子或者有法律禁止持槍的人，就要對於存放槍支的問題更加小心，因為加州刑法典第25100款至第25135款規定了一項錯誤保存槍支罪，如果不謹慎對待存放槍支的問題，就可能觸犯刑法。

錯誤保存槍支罪按照其嚴重程度可分為三個等級：（法律原文見文末CA Penal Code 25100和25110）

一級錯誤保存槍支罪的構成要件是：（1）將裝彈的槍支放在任何處於個人管控的地方，例如家裡；（2）明知或者應當知道未成年人（未經其家長或者監護人同意）或者被法律禁止持槍的人有可能接觸到槍支；（3）未成年人或者被法律禁止持槍的人接觸到了槍支並且給自己或者他人造成了重傷甚至死亡。違反這項罪名可被判處16個月或者兩至三年的監禁，或者1000美元以內的罰金，或者兩者並罰；或者被判處在郡監獄中服刑一年以內，或者1000美元以內的罰金，或者兩者並罰。

二級錯誤保存槍支罪的構成要件與一級大致相同，除了第三點對於損害結果的規定改為了未成年人或者被法律禁止持槍的人接觸到了槍支並且給自己或者他人造成了輕傷，或者將槍支帶到了公共場所。違反這項罪名可被判處在郡監獄中服刑一年以內，或者1000美元以內的罰金，或者兩者並罰。

三級錯誤保存槍支罪的構成要件更為簡單，只要求（1）將裝彈的槍支放在任何處於個人管控的地方；（2）明知或者應當知道未成年人（未經其家長或者監護人同意）或者被法律禁止持槍的人有可能接觸到槍支；（3）沒有採取合理的保存槍支的措施。這項罪名並不要求造成任何人身傷害或者公共妨害。但這裡可以對「將裝彈的槍支放在未成年人或者被法律禁止持槍的人有可能接觸到槍支的地方」這個部分作一個引申解釋，即法律並沒有規定「將已裝彈的槍支放在未成年人接觸不到的地方」或者「將未裝彈的槍支放在未成年人接觸得到的地方」這兩種情形，所以法律上應該是允許的。刑罰上，三級錯誤保存槍支罪作輕罪處理，法律並沒有具體規定應當如何施加刑罰。對於何為「合理的保存槍支的措施」，這一點法律上並沒有定義，需要依據實際情況來定。譬如對於兩三歲的孩子來說，很可能還不知道如何裝彈、如何組裝槍支，那麼按常理來說，即使將彈藥與未裝彈的槍支放在同一個箱子里，也是合理的、足夠安全的。但是對於十七歲的孩子來說，很可能知道槍支的位置，也知道如何裝彈，那麼很可能就需要將彈藥分開放在不同的箱子里並上鎖。

根據加州檢察長辦公室的法律意見，槍支與彈藥應該分開存放，並且應該使用加州槍支法核定的安全鎖，例如扳機鎖 (trigger lock)或者電纜鎖 (cable lock)， 在不裝彈藥的情況下存放入帶鎖的容器中，例如加州法律核定的帶鎖的箱子或者槍支保險櫃。槍支與彈藥應該被放在不同的位置。為安全起見，槍支所有者應該同時使用安全鎖以及帶鎖的安全容器。（原文見」The Six Basic Gun Safety Rules」, Firearm Safety, State of California - Department of Justice – Kamala D. Harris Attorney General）

根據常理，如果在家中要實現及時自衛，那麼可能連裝彈的時間都沒有，比較合理的做法就是保持槍支為裝彈狀態，但是要採取足夠安全的保存措施，比如採取扳機鎖(trigger lock)與槍箱的雙重保險。

最常見的安全鎖是扳機鎖(trigger lock)和電纜鎖(cable lock)。從下圖（圖片來自Amazon）可以看出，trigger lock對於鎖住槍支的扳機這一功能做出了特殊的設計。

而從下圖的cable lock（圖片來自Amazon）來看，槍支用的cable lock與一般的電纜鎖沒有太大區別。

總之，將彈藥與未裝彈的槍支放在同一個帶鎖的箱子里並不觸犯加州的法律規定，但是，為了防止發生未成年人接觸槍支並造成誤傷這樣的事故，也為了防止因為槍支保存不當而給自己帶來刑事指控，應當採取合理的保存槍支的措施，這個「合理」的程度取決於實際情況。

法律原文：

CA Penal Code

16840

(a) As used in Section 25800, a firearm shall be deemed to be 「loaded」 whenever both the firearm and the unexpended ammunition capable of being discharged from the firearm are in the immediate possession of the same person.

(b) As used in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 25100) of Division 4 of Title 4, in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (6) of subdivision (c) of Section 25400, and in Sections 25850 to 26055, inclusive,

(1) A firearm shall be deemed to be 「loaded」 when there is an unexpended cartridge or shell, consisting of a case that holds a charge of powder and a bullet or shot, in, or attached in any manner to, the firearm, including, but not limited to, in the firing chamber, magazine, or clip thereof attached to the firearm.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a muzzle-loader firearm shall be deemed to be loaded when it is capped or primed and has a powder charge and ball or shot in the barrel or cylinder.

(Added by Stats. 2010, Ch. 711, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2011. Operative January 1, 2012, by Sec. 10 of Ch. 711.)

25100

(a) Except as provided in Section 25105, a person commits the crime of 「criminal storage of a firearm in the first degree」 if all of the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) The person keeps any loaded firearm within any premises that are under the person』s custody or control.

(2) The person knows or reasonably should know that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm without the permission of the child』s parent or legal guardian, or that a person prohibited from possessing a firearm or deadly weapon pursuant to state or federal law is likely to gain access to the firearm.

(3) The child obtains access to the firearm and thereby causes death or great bodily injury to the child or any other person, or the person prohibited from possessing a firearm or deadly weapon pursuant to state or federal law obtains access to the firearm and thereby causes death or great bodily injury to himself or herself or any other person.

(b) Except as provided in Section 25105, a person commits the crime of 「criminal storage of a firearm in the second degree」 if all of the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) The person keeps any loaded firearm within any premises that are under the person』s custody or control.

(2) The person knows or reasonably should know that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm without the permission of the child』s parent or legal guardian, or that a person prohibited from possessing a firearm or deadly weapon pursuant to state or federal law is likely to gain access to the firearm.

(3) The child obtains access to the firearm and thereby causes injury, other than great bodily injury, to the child or any other person, or carries the firearm either to a public place or in violation of Section 417, or the person prohibited from possessing a firearm or deadly weapon pursuant to state or federal law obtains access to the firearm and thereby causes injury, other than great bodily injury, to himself or herself or any other person, or carries the firearm either to a public place or in violation of Section 417.

(c) Except as provided in Section 25105, a person commits the crime of 「criminal storage of a firearm in the third degree」 if the person keeps any loaded firearm within any premises that are under the person』s custody or control and negligently stores or leaves a loaded firearm in a location where the person knows, or reasonably should know, that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm without the permission of the child』s parent or legal guardian, unless reasonable action is taken by the person to secure the firearm against access by the child.

(Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 758, Sec. 1.5. Effective January 1, 2014.)

25110

(a) Criminal storage of a firearm in the first degree is punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, or two or three years, by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine; or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine.

(b) Criminal storage of a firearm in the second degree is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine.

(c) Criminal storage of a firearm in the third degree is punishable as a misdemeanor.

(Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 730, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2014.)

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