請看《中國日報》的相關報道:The pencils, for the first time in the history of the CPPCC as well as the National People's Congress (NPC), were made of scrap-newspaper pulp rather than wood. They are but one of the environmentally-friendly moves by the NPC and the CPPCC to set an example in building a "saving society," where energy conservation, waste reduction and respect for nature are integral to the concept.
報道中的scrap-newspaper pulp就是"以回收的舊報紙為原料而製成的紙漿",scrap在這裡是形容詞,意思是articles that are discarded or waste for the purpose of reprocessing(廢棄的,供可回收再利用的),由此,我們可得出日常所說的"廢舊電池"就是scrap-battery,而"廢物,垃圾堆"則可用scrap heap來表達。
Scrap表達"廢棄"的意思時,也可用作動詞,如:I decided to scrap my plans(我決定放棄我的計劃)。除此之外,scrap在俚語中可表示"爭吵,毆打",如:Let's not have a scrap about it(咱們別再為這件事抬杠了);Those two will scrap at the least provocation(這兩個人稍有口角就會扭打起來)。
請看《中國日報》的有關報道:China on Wednesday let the Yuan rise to its highest level since July's revaluation and restated its commitment to freer capital flows as US officials began new talks aimed at reducing America's big trade deficit with China.
報道中的revaluation常常在經濟新聞中出現,是名詞片語currency revaluation的簡稱,指"貨幣升值"。Revaluation來源於動詞revaluate,意思是to increase the exchange value of a nation's currency(重新調整幣值增加國家貨幣兌換值),如The dollar is being revalued(美元正在升值)。還有一個片語表達"貨幣升值",即currency appreciation。
另外,revaluate的另一層意思是"重新評價",可以指對人或歷史事件的重新評估,也可以指對財產的估算,如:We're having all the contents of our house revalued for insurance purposes(為了投保,我們把屋內的所有東西重新估算了一遍)。
請看《中國日報》的相關報道:The World Cup countdown kicks off on Wednesday night as the competition's favourites begin their warm-up matches a little over three months before the start of Germany's football extravaganza. Brazil, Argentina, France, England, Germany and Italy are all in action on a night of international friendlies.
報道中的warm-up match就是體育界常提及的"熱身賽",可簡寫為warm-up,由動詞片語warm up衍變而來。Warm up原指運動員上場前"先熱熱身,做一下準備活動",如:The crowd waited patiently while the teams warmed up(雙方隊員在做準備活動時,人群在耐心等待)。由此,我們還可得到另外一個句子,The singers are warming up before the concert(歌手們在音樂會開始前一直在排練)。
請看《中國日報》的相關報道:The proposed amendment to the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women has recently been the subject of intensive media attention. The amendment states unequivocally that it is illegal to subject women to sexual harassment, and also urges enterprises and government institutions to take steps to prevent the occurrence of sexual harassment.
報道中的sexual harassment就是時下引起公眾關注的"性騷擾"。Harassment可以指抽象意義上的"騷擾;擾亂",也可以用來形容具體"惹人厭煩的事件",如:He is chafed by the harassments of travel,句中的harassments就是強調旅途中所碰到的一件件煩心事。Harassment的動詞形式是harass,指to make worried and unhappy by repeated raids(不斷的侵擾,引起對方不快),舉個例子:I feel rather harassed by all the pressures at the office(辦公事務的壓力使我深感煩惱)。
值得注意的是,在韋氏字典中,sexual harassment的英文解釋是uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical conduct directed at a person because of his or her sex,看來"性騷擾"並不一定是男性對女性。或許這就是為什麼有人士認為,反性騷擾法規既得規定"男性不得對女性進行性騷擾",也得規定"女性不得對男性進行性騷擾"的原因吧。
詞源學記載,bushed(疲憊不堪的)源於19世紀的澳大利亞英語表達「to be lost in the bush」(在叢林中迷路),Bush在這裡指「灌木叢」。在澳洲,有大片偏僻的、不著邊際的叢林地帶,想象一下,假若您不小心步入其中迷了方向,您會怎麼著?除非有很好的心理素質,否則為了尋出一條出路,要不了多久您就會被折磨得筋疲力盡、慌亂異常。
知道福爾摩斯吧?一臉的精明和悍練,習慣性地叼著他的煙斗,帶領我們進入一個又一個匪夷所思的懸案之旅……那您是否熟悉福爾摩斯的另一招牌表情?比如,在他聽完撲朔迷離的案件之後會做什麼?瞧,華生醫生是這樣形容的:「At that time, Holmes had kept his distance, thinking in a brown study but never leaping to his feet.」
「Thinking in a brown study」?難道福爾摩斯必須呆在「四壁塗抹成褐色的書房」里才能完成縝密推理嗎?哦,您千萬別這麼太富有想象力,「in a brown study」是個固定搭配,指「in a state of deep thought」(沉思)。
這個短語分別源於brown和study的兩個舊用法。因為brown在色調上屬於暗色,16世紀時人們常用它來形容「憂鬱、沮喪」的心境;study在14世紀的古英語中表示「a state of reverie or contemplation」(幻想或沉思)。由此,brown study現在可以表示兩層含義「a state of daydreaming or deep thought」(做白日夢;沉思)。
英語中與「狗」相關的表達似乎有點泛濫成災,信手拈來的如:a lucky dog(幸運兒);top dog(當權派);dog in the manger(占著茅坑不拉屎)。今天談的to put on the dog表示「耍派頭;賣弄」,它的淵源可追溯到19世紀貴夫人豢養的哈吧狗。
美國內戰後,即19世紀中葉到20世紀初,一大批暴發戶相繼湧現,他們為了耍闊往往花很多錢去買一些品種罕見的哈巴狗。當時耶魯大學的學生就創造了to put on the dog來嘲笑那些整日炫耀愛犬的闊太太。舉個例子:
John is sure putting on the dog since his rich aunt died and left him 10 million dollars. He's bought the biggest house in town and a Mercedes 600, and talks about buying some riding horses.(約翰的阿姨去世后給他留了一千萬美元遺產,這下他可有資本耍闊了。他買了城裡最大的一棟房子和一輛梅賽德斯600,他還說要買幾匹馬供他騎玩呢。)
另外,如果您看到to go to the dogs,可千萬別受「to put on the dog」(耍闊)的影響。Go to the dogs意思是:「潦倒;破產」。比如說,
I always thought my friend Pete had a good future. But then he got hooked on heroin and lost his job and his wife--I never saw a man go to the dogs so fast!(我總以為我的朋友皮特是很有前途的,但是後來他吸上了毒品,失去了工作,妻子也走了。我從來沒有看到過任何人落魄得這麼快!)
原來handicap(handicapped的名詞形式)有著一段傳奇的身世。在14世紀的英國,一種以物易物的遊戲非常流行。在這種兩人遊戲中,一個人可以要求另一個人與他交換一件大概等值的東西,為了公平起見,遊戲中會有一位裁判。遊戲開始,他們三個人把手放在一頂帽子里,每個人手裡都捏著賭注。「Hand in the Cap」由此得名,簡稱為「Hand I' Cap」。裁判會衡量玩家手中的賭注價值,並要求低的一方增加賭注。
請看外電報道:An Army dog handler was sentenced Wednesday to six months behind bars for using his snarling canine to torment prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Smith was sentenced on five charges, including maltreatment of prisoners, conspiring with another dog handler in a contest to try to frighten detainees at the Iraqi prison.
報道中的behind bars意思是「be put into prison」(被關進牢房),這裡還可以用另外一個短語,in prison (被關進監獄)。Bar原指「關押囚犯的鐵門桿」,這裡引申為「牢房」,如The windows of the prison have iron bars.(監獄的窗戶裝有鐵柵欄。)
另外,由於bar可以指法庭上把律師或被告席位隔開來的圍欄,所以the prisoner at the bar意思是「在法庭中的受審者」;而the Bar則統指「律師」,如She's training for the Bar.(她正在接受律師資格培訓。)
在日常英語中,如果你遇見朋友時問候一聲How are you doing?對方可能會樂呵呵地回答一句:Everything is five by five。five by five是什麼意思呢?
five by five可不是中國人講的「五五分」,而是一個英語俗語,它表示「狀態良好(in good shape)」或「準備就緒(all set)」。
這種說法源於無線電通信的操作術語,上世紀五十年代,這個短語在無線電話務員之間流行。當話務員請求對方站對我方信號質量做出報告時,five by five可能是一個最令人滿意的回答。因為這種報告里的第一個數字錶示信號強度,第二個數字錶示信號清晰度和抗干擾能力,都是用從1到5的數字大小來衡量的,所以five by five表示「我方設備運行良好,信號很強而且很清晰」。
先來看fussbucket,詞根fuss應該不會陌生吧?指a commotion out of proportion to the occasion; a state of consternation or anxiety(過分混亂的局面;驚恐萬狀、驚慌失措、大驚小怪),而詞綴bucket(桶)則是形容這種狀態「滿滿的、能載滿一大桶」,不言而喻,能夠集「驚慌失措」於一身肯定是指某個人向來「一驚一乍、慌裡慌張」了。
Kibitzer源與動詞kibitz,其詞根可追溯到德語詞kiebitz(一種唧唧喳喳、亂叫不停的鳥,又名田鳧)。在德語中,kiebitz的另一相應名詞形式kiebitzen指「觀牌者」;但在英語中,由此詞根演變而來的kibitzer則表示「亂出主意、瞎提建議的人」。其相應動詞kibitz則形容「亂髮議論、瞎指揮」,如:kibitz a card game(看玩紙牌時瞎指揮)。
Harry moved about, kibitzing on conversations here and there.(哈里走來走去,這裡插幾句,那裡講一陣。)