南北內戰後通過的第14修正案規定,各州不得無法律正當程序剝奪任何人的生命、自由和財產(nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law)。不難證明,這一款中的自由一詞,包括宗教的自由行使,這一款將州置於1791年權利法案限制之下。也就是說,在14修正案之後,自由行使條款對國會的限制也擴及於州。如果把整個宗教條款都讀為自由行使條款,當然可以說宗教條款已經被14修正案所吸收。但是,如果承認建立條款有獨立的意義,那麼現在也很難說建立條款被14修正案所吸收,即建立條款仍然可以理解為只限制聯邦,並不限制各州。儘管州立宗教在14修正案之前幾十年已經事實上消亡,但是州其他形式的對宗教的支持,也可以爭辯不算違反建立條款。
【出處】原載《中外法學》2003年第4期
作者為法學博士,北京大學法學院講師。電子郵件:zhaoxl@law.pku.edu.cn
【註釋】
1 Kathleen M. Sullivan & Gerald Gunther (ed.), Constitutional Law, 14th Edition, New York:Foundation Press, 2001.
2 "同時,』an establishment』這個短語看來保證了非歧視的宗教援助的合法性。假若憲法制定者禁止的是』the establishment of religion,』——這個短語強調的是屬類的』宗教』這個詞——那麼認為他們想禁止的是所有對宗教優於非宗教的官方待遇。但是通過選擇』an establishment』而不是』the establishment』,他們表明他們想禁止的只是那些會促進某個特定教派的利益的官方活動。」Michael J.Malbin, Religion and Politics: The Intention of the Authors of the First Amendment, p.14,Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978.
3 "Almighty God hath created the mind free, and manifested his supreme will that free it shall remain by making it altogether insusceptible of restraint; that all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments, or burthens, or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, who being lord both of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either, as was in his Almighty power to do, but to exalt it by its influence on reason alone;...", Virginia Bill for Religious Liberty.
4原文為:「The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all ????utive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.」
5漢密爾頓、傑伊、麥迪遜,《聯邦黨人文集》,頁430,程逢如、在漢、舒遜譯,北京:商務印書館,1995。
6原文為:「We the People of the United States,...do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.」
7原文為:「We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.」
8原文為:「Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.」
9 George Anastaplo, The Constitution of 1787: A Commentary, p.221, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1989.
10漢密爾頓、傑伊、麥迪遜,《聯邦黨人文集》,頁3,程逢如、在漢、舒遜譯,北京:商務印書館,1995作者: 借屍還魂 時間: 2007-12-6 11:54
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